Intercultural Comm Exam 2 Flashcards
What are shared interpretations?
The subtle, less visible differences between cultures.
What are cultural patterns?
Shared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations. These exist primarily inside people’s minds.
What are central beliefs?
The culture’s fundamental teachings about what reality is and expectations about how the world works.
What are peripheral beliefs?
Matters of personal taste.
What are two types of social practices?
Informal and formal.
According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, what are the five problems everyone in a culture must solve?
- What is the human orientation to activity?
- What is the relationship of humans to each other?
- What is the nature of human beings?
- What is the relationship of humans to the natural world?
- What is the orientation of humans to time?
What is activity orientation?
How other people of a culture view human actions and expression of self through activities. A doing culture has a problem solution orientation.
What is social relations orientation?
This describes ho people in a culture organize themselves and relate to one another.
What is self-orientation?
This describes how people’s identities are formed, whether the culture views the self as changeable, what motivates individual actions, and the kinds of people who are valued and respected.
What is world orientation?
Cultural patterns that tell people how to locate themselves in relation to the spiritual world, nature, and other living things.
What is time orientation?
A culture’s relationship with the past, present, and future, measuring time, view of time, and value of time.
What are valence and intensity?
Valence is whether the idea is seen as positive or negative. Intensity indicates the strength or importance of the value.
What are the seven elements included in the synthesis of taxonomies?
- Individualism-collectivism
- Power distance
- Gender expectations
- Task relationship
- Uncertainty avoidance
- Harmony-Mastery
- Time orientation
Who was really into CONTEXT as the foundation for cultural differences?
Hall
What does GLOBE stand for?
Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness
What was unique to the Project GLOBE taxonomies?
GLOBE distinguishes between in-group collectivism (like loyalty to families) and institutional collectivism (like collective actions and distributions of resources).
Who asked about World Orientation, and how does that fit into to the sythensis of taxonomies?
Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck asked about World orientation.
In the synthesis, it’s referred to as Harmony-Mastery.
How do we describe a culture’s Gender Epectations?
We determine to what extent men are expected to be assertive or nurture, women are expected to be assertive or nurturing, and finally if men and women are equal or unequal.
Goals, emphasis, use, and rhythm are all related to what?
Time Orientation
How do we describe a culture’s approach to goals under Time Orientation?
We determine to what extent a culture sets short-term goals or long-term goals.
How do we describe a culture’s emphasis under Time Orientation?
What part of time does the culture most emphasize? The past, present, or future?
How would we describe a high-context culture?
In a high-context culture, most of the meaning is either implied by the physical setting or is assumed to be taken for granted. Not much information is available in the explicit messages, like a code.
How would we describe a low-context culture?
The majority of the information is in an explicit message. White people are low-context.
What are the three features of a high-context culture?
- Use of indirect messages
- Loyalty. It’s easy to determine the in-group and out-group
- Time is open and responsive to immediate needs of people.
What are the three features of a low context culture?
- Use of direct messages
- Not so much on the loyalty
- Time is highly organized
How do we describe a culture’s use of time under Time Orientation?
The extent to which a culture does one thing at a time, or many things at a time.
How do we describe a culture’s rhythm under Time Orientation?
The extent to which a culture’s structure of time is open and flexible or structured and organized.
What was the basis for Hofstede’s cultural taxonomy?
He believed people carry mental programs. or “software of the mind,” that are developed during childhood and reinforced by their culture.
What’s the highlight of Hofstede’s taxonomy?
He provides an excellent synthesis of the relationships between cultural values and social behaviors.
Who came up with Indulgence vs. Restraints and how does it fit into the synthesis ?
Hofstede
Task relationship
What is different in Schwartz’s taxonomy?
Schwarts calls the individualism-collectivism dimension autonomy vs. empbededness. He said some cultures of intellectual autonomy and some have affective autonomy.
What is intellectual autonomy and what is affective autonomy?
Intellectual autonomy supports people’s independent pursuit of thoughts.
Affective autonomy supports people’s pursuit of pleasurable things in life and have varied experiences.
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck thought individualism and collectivism, power distance, and gender expectations were all part of what?
Social relations orientation.
Gender expectations is also about self-orientation
What is a third cultural perspective of environmental relations, besides living in harmony with nature and mastering it?
Believing that nature dominates you.
What is cultural identity?
Refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnicity group.
It involves learning and accepting traditions, heritage, language, religion, ancestry, aesthetics, thinking patterns, and social structures of culture.
What is social identity?
The identity which develops as consequence of memberships in particular groups within one’s culture; characteristics and concerns common to most members of social group shape way individuals view their characteristics
Think on professional groups; friends in Comm. Studies Major vs. friends in different major
What is personal identity?
The identity based on people’s unique characteristics, may differ from those of others in their cultural and social groups
What is unexamined cultural identity?
The first stage in the formation of cultural identity, where one’s cultural characteristics are taken for granted, and there is little interest in exploring cultural issues.
“My parents tell me about where they lived, but what do i care? I never lived there.
What is a cultural identity search?
The second stage in the formation of cultural identity , which involves a process of exploration and questioning about one’s membership in that culture.
“I think people should know what black people had to go through to get to where we are now.”
What is cultural identity achievement?
The third stage in the formation of cultural identity, characterized by a clear, confident acceptance of oneself and an internalization of one’s cultural identity.
“My culture is important, and I am proud of what I am. Japanese people have so much to offer.”
What is stereotyping?
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What is prejudice?
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What is discrimination?
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What is racism?
What is symbolic racism?
What is tokenism?
What is aversive racism?
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What are genuine likes and dislikes?
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What is degree of unfamiliarity?
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