PSYC CH.6

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

our immediate awareness of our internal and external states.

Question 2

LO.1

altered states of consciousness

Answer 2

a change in a person’s ability to be fully aware of their external surroundings and internal states.
-being awake, asleep, having a dream, drugs, anesthesia

Question 3

LO.1

states of consciousness

Answer 3

the level of awareness we have of our external surroundings and internal states.
- being fully awake or asleep

Question 4

LO.1

contents of consciousness

Answer 4

specific thoughts we are aware of about our internal states or external surroundings.
- being aware of ur dog or an itch you have

Question 5

LO.1

The reticular formation

Answer 5

• brainstem=Reticular formation
• when it is damaged you can no longer maintain a state of wakefulness
• damage to R.F can cause coma or paralyzation

Question 6

LO.1

The Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Answer 6

• both receive input from r.f and hindbrain
• damage to these structures can cause lack of awareness, disturbance of wakefullness, and can enter a deep coma

Question 7

LO.1

The cerebral cortex

Answer 7

• damage to c.c can cause blindness
• c.c helps us be aware that we are attending to such stimuli
• right c.c = non-verbal forms of communication
• left c.c = verbal awareness

Question 8

Lo.1

what is blindsight?

Answer 8

• Blindsight is a psychological defense mechanism, caused by a self-protective need to deny visual information that might cause fear, anxiety, or shame. Visual information from the eye is being processed unconsciously, so people with blindsight don’t know that they are visually processing.

Question 9

LO.1

Development and consciousness

Answer 9

• rouge test

Question 10

LO.2

preconsciousness

Answer 10

level of awareness in which information can become readily available to consciousness if necessary.(can also be known as automatic behaviour)
-remebering w you ate for lunch last week

Question 11

LO.2

unconscious state

Answer 11

state in which information is not easily accessible to conscious awareness.
-forgetting the name of someone then randomly remembering a couple dyas later

Question 12

LO.2

Cognitive Views of the Unconscious

Answer 12

• implicit memory
• explicit memory

Question 13

LO.2

Freud’s Views of the Unconscious

Answer 13

• having thoughts and memories too painful or disturbing for the consciousness
• Freudian slip - when unconscious materiall can enter cosciousness

Question 14

LO.3

adaptive theory of sleep

Answer 14

theory that organisms sleep for the purpose of self- preservation, to keep away from predators that are more active at night.

Question 15

LO.3

restorative theory of sleep

Answer 15

theory that we sleep to allow the brain and body to restore certain depleted chemical resources and eliminate chemical wastes that have accumulated during the waking day.

Question 16

LO.3

circadian rhythm

Answer 16

pattern of sleep–wake cycles that in human beings roughly corresponds to periods of daylight and night.

Question 17

LO.3

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 17

a small group of neurons in the hypothalamus responsible for coordinating the many rhythms of the body.
* having a sense of light and dark. helps w sleep-wake pattern
* invention of light bulb has negative impacts bcs it increases hours of light we are exposed to

Question 18

LO.3

hypnagogic state(pre sleep period)

Answer 18

a pre-sleep period often characterized by vivid sensory phenomena.
* hypnagogic hallucination = we might feel like we are falling, floating, hear our name, or a loud crash, but its all a hallucination

Question 19

LO.3

Stage 1

Answer 19

• we reach stage 1 when we doze off
• theta waves (slow waves)
• bridge between wakefulness and sleep; it lasts only a few minutes.

Question 20

LO.3

Stage 2

Answer 20

• breathing becomes rhthmic
• body twitches
• muscles relax
• lasts around 15-20min
• delta waves(deep sleep)
• sleep spindles

Question 21

LO.3

sleep spindles

Answer 21

bursts of brain activity lasting a second or two; occur during Stage 2 sleep.

Question 22

LO.3

Stage 3 and 4

Answer 22

• deep and slow wave sleep
• in stage 4 h.r, b.p, and breathing drops to its lowest
• ppl are most prone to sleep walking

Question 23

LO.3

rapid eye movement sleep (REM)

Answer 23

stage of sleep associated with rapid and jagged brainwave patterns, increased heart rate, rapid breathing, rapid eye movements, and dreaming

Question 24

non-REM sleep (NREM)

Answer 24

Stages 1 through 4 of normal sleep pattern.

Question 25

Dreams

Answer 25

* occurs mostly during rem * dreams can have a life-relevant meaning

Question 26

# LO.3 information-processing theory

Answer 26

hypothesis that dreams are the mind’s attempt to sort out and organize the day’s experiences and to fix them in memory. * interuppting rem can affect ur ability to remember info the next day

Question 27

# LO.3 activation-synthesis model

Answer 27

thoery that dreams result from the brain's attempt to synthesize or organize random internally-generated signals and give them meaning

Question 28

# LO.3 Freudian dream thoery

Answer 28

* dream interpretation= see insight behind meaning of dreams * when you are told not to think about something you will most likey think about it more

Question 29

# LO.3 nightmares

Answer 29

evoke feelings of helpnessness or powerlessness, feel in danger or stress * linked to anxiety

Question 30

# LO.3 Lucid dream

Answer 30

dreams in which sleepers fully recognize that they are dreaming, and occasionally actively guide the outcome of the dream.

Question 31

# LO.3 daydream

Answer 31

* associated w waking state of consciousness * fantasies occur while you are awake and minful of reality * gives us creative opportunity

Question 32

# LO.3 Sleep Pattern Changes Over Development

Answer 32

* for the first four months of life babies sleep around 14-17 hours * babies get around 8 hours of rem * poor sleep pattern = poor health, dimentia, and depression

Question 33

# LO.3 Sleep depreivation

Answer 33

* not getting enough sleep * creates a more depressed state * creates less effective and efficient work habits * less sleep can be bad for immunity

Question 34

# LO.3 Insomnia

Answer 34

sleep disorder characterized by a regular inability to fall asleep or stay asleep.

Question 35

# LO.3 Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders sleep apnea

Answer 35

sleep disorder characterized by repeatedly ceasing to breathe during the night, depriving the brain of oxygen and leading to frequent awakenings.

Question 36

# LO.3 Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence narcolepsy

Answer 36

sleep disorder marked by uncontrollable urge to fall asleep.

Question 37

# LO.3 Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence Excessive daytime sleepiness

Answer 37

feeling drowsy or chronically tired even after a good nights sleep

Question 38

# LO.3 Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders Delayed sleep phase syndrome

Answer 38

long delay in a persons ability to fall asleep and having difficulty waking up in the morning

Question 39

# LO.3 Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders Advanced sleep phase syndrome

Answer 39

tend to sleep early in the evening around 6-9 and wake up b/w 2-5am

Question 40

# LO.3 Sleep-Related Movement Disorders Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS)

Answer 40

when you get a strong urge to move your legs and may feel pins and needles making it difficult to fall asleep

Question 41

# LO.3 Parasomnias Sleepwalking (somnabulism)

Answer 41

* takes place during first three hours of sleep * ppl walk around and usually return to bed

Question 42

# LO.3 Parasomnias Night terrors

Answer 42

* suddenly, sit up in bed, scream in extreme fear and agitation, and experience heightened heart and breathing rates. * in a state of panic and are often incoherent. * Usuallydo not remember the episodes the next morning.

Question 43

# LO.4 hypnosis

Answer 43

a seemingly altered state of consciousness during which individuals can be directed to act or experience the world in unusual ways.

Question 44

# LO.4 Hypnotic Procedures and Effects

Answer 44

* motor control is influenced by hypnosis * can experience posthypnotic amnesia * positive and negative hypnotic hallucinations * positive = people under hypnosis are guided to see objects or hear sounds that are not present. * negative = often used to control pain.

Question 45

# LO.4 dissociation

Answer 45

a splitting of consciousness into two dimensions.

Question 46

# LO.5 psychoactive drugs

Answer 46

chemicals that affect awareness, behaviour, sensation, perception, or mood. * drugs * coffee * alcohol * cigarettes

Question 47

# LO.5 addiction

Answer 47

psychological or physical compulsion to take a drug, resulting from regular ingestion and leading to maladaptive patterns of behaviour and changes in physical response.

Question 48

# LO.5 tolerance

Answer 48

mark of physical dependence on a drug, in which the person is required to take incrementally larger doses of the drug to achieve the same effect.

Question 49

# LO.5 withdrawal symptoms

Answer 49

unpleasant and sometimes dangerous side effects of reducing intake of a drug after a person has become addicted.

Question 50

# LO.5 Depressants depressants

Answer 50

class of drugs that slow the activity of the central nervous system.

Question 51

# LO.5 Stimulants

Answer 51

substances that increase the activity of the central nervous system.

Question 52

# LO.5 hallucinogens

Answer 52

substances that dramatically change one’s state of awareness, causing powerful changes in sensory perception.

Question 53

# LO.5 Flashbacks

Answer 53

recurrence of the sensory and emotional changes after the LSD has left the body.

Question 54

# Lo.5 reward learning pathway

Answer 54

brain circuitry that is important for learning about rewarding stimuli.

Question 55

# LO.5 reward-deficiency syndrome

Answer 55

theory that people might abuse drugs because their reward centre is not readily activated by usual life events