PSYC CH.6 Flashcards
consciousness
our immediate awareness of our internal and external states.
LO.1
altered states of consciousness
a change in a person’s ability to be fully aware of their external surroundings and internal states.
-being awake, asleep, having a dream, drugs, anesthesia
LO.1
states of consciousness
the level of awareness we have of our external surroundings and internal states.
- being fully awake or asleep
LO.1
contents of consciousness
specific thoughts we are aware of about our internal states or external surroundings.
- being aware of ur dog or an itch you have
LO.1
The reticular formation
- brainstem=Reticular formation
- when it is damaged you can no longer maintain a state of wakefulness
- damage to R.F can cause coma or paralyzation
LO.1
The Thalamus and Hypothalamus
- both receive input from r.f and hindbrain
- damage to these structures can cause lack of awareness, disturbance of wakefullness, and can enter a deep coma
LO.1
The cerebral cortex
- damage to c.c can cause blindness
- c.c helps us be aware that we are attending to such stimuli
- right c.c = non-verbal forms of communication
- left c.c = verbal awareness
Lo.1
what is blindsight?
- Blindsight is a psychological defense mechanism, caused by a self-protective need to deny visual information that might cause fear, anxiety, or shame. Visual information from the eye is being processed unconsciously, so people with blindsight don’t know that they are visually processing.
LO.1
Development and consciousness
- rouge test
LO.2
preconsciousness
level of awareness in which information can become readily available to consciousness if necessary.(can also be known as automatic behaviour)
-remebering w you ate for lunch last week
LO.2
unconscious state
state in which information is not easily accessible to conscious awareness.
-forgetting the name of someone then randomly remembering a couple dyas later
LO.2
Cognitive Views of the Unconscious
- implicit memory
- explicit memory
LO.2
Freud’s Views of the Unconscious
- having thoughts and memories too painful or disturbing for the consciousness
- Freudian slip - when unconscious materiall can enter cosciousness
LO.3
adaptive theory of sleep
theory that organisms sleep for the purpose of self- preservation, to keep away from predators that are more active at night.
LO.3
restorative theory of sleep
theory that we sleep to allow the brain and body to restore certain depleted chemical resources and eliminate chemical wastes that have accumulated during the waking day.
LO.3
circadian rhythm
pattern of sleep–wake cycles that in human beings roughly corresponds to periods of daylight and night.
LO.3
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
a small group of neurons in the hypothalamus responsible for coordinating the many rhythms of the body.
* having a sense of light and dark. helps w sleep-wake pattern
* invention of light bulb has negative impacts bcs it increases hours of light we are exposed to
LO.3
hypnagogic state(pre sleep period)
a pre-sleep period often characterized by vivid sensory phenomena.
* hypnagogic hallucination = we might feel like we are falling, floating, hear our name, or a loud crash, but its all a hallucination
LO.3
Stage 1
- we reach stage 1 when we doze off
- theta waves (slow waves)
- bridge between wakefulness and sleep; it lasts only a few minutes.
LO.3
Stage 2
- breathing becomes rhthmic
- body twitches
- muscles relax
- lasts around 15-20min
- delta waves(deep sleep)
- sleep spindles
LO.3
sleep spindles
bursts of brain activity lasting a second or two; occur during Stage 2 sleep.
LO.3
Stage 3 and 4
- deep and slow wave sleep
- in stage 4 h.r, b.p, and breathing drops to its lowest
- ppl are most prone to sleep walking
LO.3
rapid eye movement sleep (REM)
stage of sleep associated with rapid and jagged brainwave patterns, increased heart rate, rapid breathing, rapid eye movements, and dreaming
non-REM sleep (NREM)
Stages 1 through 4 of normal sleep pattern.
Dreams
- occurs mostly during rem
- dreams can have a life-relevant meaning
LO.3
information-processing theory
hypothesis that dreams are the mind’s attempt to sort out and organize the day’s experiences and to fix them in memory.
* interuppting rem can affect ur ability to remember info the next day
LO.3
activation-synthesis model
thoery that dreams result from the brain’s attempt to synthesize or organize random internally-generated signals and give them meaning
LO.3
Freudian dream thoery
- dream interpretation= see insight behind meaning of dreams
- when you are told not to think about something you will most likey think about it more
LO.3
nightmares
evoke feelings of helpnessness or powerlessness, feel in danger or stress
* linked to anxiety
LO.3
Lucid dream
dreams in which sleepers fully recognize that they are dreaming, and occasionally actively guide the outcome of the dream.
LO.3
daydream
- associated w waking state of consciousness
- fantasies occur while you are awake and minful of reality
- gives us creative opportunity
LO.3
Sleep Pattern Changes Over Development
- for the first four months of life babies sleep around 14-17 hours
- babies get around 8 hours of rem
- poor sleep pattern = poor health, dimentia, and depression
LO.3
Sleep depreivation
- not getting enough sleep
- creates a more depressed state
- creates less effective and efficient work habits
- less sleep can be bad for immunity
LO.3
Insomnia
sleep disorder characterized by a regular inability to fall asleep or stay asleep.
LO.3 Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
sleep apnea
sleep disorder characterized by repeatedly ceasing to breathe during the night, depriving the brain of oxygen and leading to frequent awakenings.
LO.3 Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence
narcolepsy
sleep disorder marked by uncontrollable urge to fall asleep.
LO.3 Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence
Excessive daytime sleepiness
feeling drowsy or chronically tired even after a good nights sleep
LO.3 Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders
Delayed sleep phase syndrome
long delay in a persons ability to fall asleep and having difficulty waking up in the morning
LO.3 Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders
Advanced sleep phase syndrome
tend to sleep early in the evening around 6-9 and wake up b/w 2-5am
LO.3 Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS)
when you get a strong urge to move your legs and may feel pins and needles making it difficult to fall asleep
LO.3 Parasomnias
Sleepwalking (somnabulism)
- takes place during first three hours of sleep
- ppl walk around and usually return to bed
LO.3 Parasomnias
Night terrors
- suddenly, sit up in bed, scream in extreme fear and agitation, and experience heightened heart and breathing rates.
- in a state of panic and are often incoherent.
- Usuallydo not remember the episodes the next morning.
LO.4
hypnosis
a seemingly altered state of consciousness during which individuals can be directed to act or experience the world in unusual ways.
LO.4
Hypnotic Procedures and Effects
- motor control is influenced by hypnosis
- can experience posthypnotic amnesia
- positive and negative hypnotic hallucinations
- positive = people under hypnosis are guided to see objects or hear sounds that are not present.
- negative = often used to control pain.
LO.4
dissociation
a splitting of consciousness into two dimensions.
LO.5
psychoactive drugs
chemicals that affect awareness, behaviour, sensation, perception, or mood.
* drugs
* coffee
* alcohol
* cigarettes
LO.5
addiction
psychological or physical compulsion to take a drug, resulting from regular ingestion and leading to maladaptive patterns of behaviour and changes in physical response.
LO.5
tolerance
mark of physical dependence on a drug, in which the person is required to take incrementally larger doses of the drug to achieve the same effect.
LO.5
withdrawal symptoms
unpleasant and sometimes dangerous side effects of reducing intake of a drug after a person has become addicted.
LO.5 Depressants
depressants
class of drugs that slow the activity of the central nervous system.
LO.5
Stimulants
substances that increase the activity of the central nervous system.
LO.5
hallucinogens
substances that dramatically change one’s state of awareness, causing powerful changes in sensory perception.
LO.5
Flashbacks
recurrence of the sensory and emotional changes after the LSD has left the body.
Lo.5
reward learning pathway
brain circuitry that is important for learning about
rewarding stimuli.
LO.5
reward-deficiency syndrome
theory that people might abuse drugs because their reward centre is not readily activated by usual life events
