Chapter 7 Flashcards
learning
a lasting change caused by experience
Associative learning
Learning that involves forming associations between stimuli
Non-associative learning
Learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli
Habituation
a form of non-associative learning where repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a reduction in response
bird example
Dishabituation
a form of non-associative learning whereby there is a recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habituation.
bird was used to human, then a little kid scared it, now it is alert aga
Sensitization
A form of non-associative learning where a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response in the presentation of a weaker stimuli
phone example
conditioning
the association of events in an environment
Classical conditioning
a form of associative learning between two previously unrelated stimuli that results in a learned response.
Natural reflex
an automatic involuntary response that typically occurs without learning.
unconditioned stimulus (US)
a stimulus that on its own elicits a response.
in pavlovs experiment US was the meat
unconditioned response (UR)
a physical response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus; it does not need to be learned.
salivation
conditioned stimulus (CS)
a neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as an unconditioned stimulus with which it has been paired.
arrival of lab assistant is associated with food
conditioned response (CR)
a physical response elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it is acquired through experience and is usually the same as the unconditioned response.
to salivate at the sight of the lab asssistant as it is now associated w
stimulus generalization
what occurs when stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus trigger the same conditioned response.
stimulus discrimination
what occurs when an organism learns to emit a specific behaviour in the presence of a conditioned stimulus, but not in the presence of stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
higher order conditioning
what occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus for further conditioning.
extinction
reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone.
spontaneous recovery
re-emergence of a conditioned response sometime after extinction has occurred.
phobia
a persistent, irrational, or obsessive fear of a specific object or situation that may arise as a result of fear conditioning.
systematic desensitization
a process used to condition extinction of phobias through gradual exposure to the feared object or situation.
conditioned taste aversion
a form of classical conditioning whereby a previously neutral stimulus (often an odour or taste) elicits an aversive reaction after it’s paired with illness (nausea).
operant or instrumental conditioning
a form of associative learning whereby behaviour is modified depending on its consequences.
law of effect
a law that states that behaviours leading to rewards are more likely to occur again, while behaviours producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again.
behaviourism
the systematic study and manipulation of observable behaviour.
reinforcer
an experience that produces an increase in a certain behaviour.
positive reinforcement
presentation of a pleasant consequence following a behaviour to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur.
i.e., giving your dog a treat after it sits, or if a child says please you will give them candy
negative reinforcement
removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur.
negative punishment
removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behaviour to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated.
punishment
an experience that produces a decrease in a particular behaviour.
positive punishment
presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a specific behaviour to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated.
i.e., something was added hat weakened response -> trying a new restaurant and the food was bad, not watching ur hands while you cut bread -> undesirable consequences will reduce action from being repeated
primary reinforcer
a stimulus that has survival value and is therefore intrinsically rewarding.
secondary reinforcer
a neutral stimulus that becomes rewarding when associated with a primary reinforcer.
secondary punisher
a stimulus that becomes aversive when associated with a primary punisher.
primary punisher
a stimulus that is naturally aversive to an organism.
continuous reinforcement
what occurs when behaviour is reinforced every time it occurs.
intermittent or partial reinforcement
a schedule of reinforcement where the behaviour is followed by reinforcement only some of the time.
fixed ratio schedule
a schedule of reinforcement that occurs after a specific number of responses.
buy 10 coffees, get one free - you know how many times to perform action
variable ratio schedule
a schedule of reinforcement that occurs when the number of responses required for reinforcement is unpredictable.
you must perform 20 trials of something and you will get 5 rewards but y
fixed interval schedule
a schedule of reinforcement that occurs every time a specific time period has elapsed.
reinforcement that occurs after a specific amount of time has passed. St
variable interval schedule
a schedule of reinforcement that occurs after varying amounts of time.
you will get scheduled reinforcements every hour, but you dont know when
shaping
introducing new behaviour by reinforcing close approximations of the desired behaviour.
behaviour modification
a systematic approach to change behaviour using principles of operant conditioning.
learned helplessness
a situation in which repeated exposure to inescapable punishment eventually produces a failure to make escape attempts.
observational learning or social learning
learning that occurs without overt training in response to watching the behaviour of others, called models.
modelling
what occurs when an observer learns from the behaviour of another.
vicarious learning
learning that occurs when an individual observes the consequences to another’s actions and then chooses to duplicate the behaviour or refrain from doing so.
mirror neurons
neurons fired when an animal or human performs an action or when they see another animal perform the same action.
implicit learning
the acquisition of information without awareness.
spatial navigation learning
learning that involves forming associations among stimuli relevant to navigating in space.
latent learning
a form of learning that is not expressed until there is a reward or incentive.
insight learning
a sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts.
specific learning disorder
a disorder that interferes with the acquisition and use of one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in the development of academic skills: oral language, reading, written language, and mathematics.
reading disorder
a deficit in reading comprehension, written spelling, and word recognition.
mathematics disorder
a deficit in mathematical ability, including the ability to do calculations, as well as the ability to understand mathematical word problems and mathematical concepts.
disorder of written expression
a disorder experienced as impairment in the ability to create the written word.
