Chapter 7 Flashcards
learning
a lasting change caused by experience
Associative learning
Learning that involves forming associations between stimuli
Non-associative learning
Learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli
Habituation
a form of non-associative learning where repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a reduction in response
bird example
Dishabituation
a form of non-associative learning whereby there is a recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habituation.
bird was used to human, then a little kid scared it, now it is alert aga
Sensitization
A form of non-associative learning where a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response in the presentation of a weaker stimuli
phone example
conditioning
the association of events in an environment
Classical conditioning
a form of associative learning between two previously unrelated stimuli that results in a learned response.
Natural reflex
an automatic involuntary response that typically occurs without learning.
unconditioned stimulus (US)
a stimulus that on its own elicits a response.
in pavlovs experiment US was the meat
unconditioned response (UR)
a physical response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus; it does not need to be learned.
salivation
conditioned stimulus (CS)
a neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as an unconditioned stimulus with which it has been paired.
arrival of lab assistant is associated with food
conditioned response (CR)
a physical response elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it is acquired through experience and is usually the same as the unconditioned response.
to salivate at the sight of the lab asssistant as it is now associated w
stimulus generalization
what occurs when stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus trigger the same conditioned response.
stimulus discrimination
what occurs when an organism learns to emit a specific behaviour in the presence of a conditioned stimulus, but not in the presence of stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
higher order conditioning
what occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus for further conditioning.
extinction
reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone.
spontaneous recovery
re-emergence of a conditioned response sometime after extinction has occurred.
phobia
a persistent, irrational, or obsessive fear of a specific object or situation that may arise as a result of fear conditioning.
systematic desensitization
a process used to condition extinction of phobias through gradual exposure to the feared object or situation.
conditioned taste aversion
a form of classical conditioning whereby a previously neutral stimulus (often an odour or taste) elicits an aversive reaction after it’s paired with illness (nausea).
operant or instrumental conditioning
a form of associative learning whereby behaviour is modified depending on its consequences.
law of effect
a law that states that behaviours leading to rewards are more likely to occur again, while behaviours producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again.
behaviourism
the systematic study and manipulation of observable behaviour.