Chapter 7

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

a lasting change caused by experience

Question 2

Associative learning

Answer 2

Learning that involves forming associations between stimuli

Question 3

Non-associative learning

Answer 3

Learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli

Question 4

Habituation

Answer 4

a form of non-associative learning where repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a reduction in response

bird example

Question 5

Dishabituation

Answer 5

a form of non-associative learning whereby there is a recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habituation.

bird was used to human, then a little kid scared it, now it is alert aga

Question 6

Sensitization

Answer 6

A form of non-associative learning where a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response in the presentation of a weaker stimuli

phone example

Question 7

conditioning

Answer 7

the association of events in an environment

Question 8

Classical conditioning

Answer 8

a form of associative learning between two previously unrelated stimuli that results in a learned response.

Question 9

Natural reflex

Answer 9

an automatic involuntary response that typically occurs without learning.

Question 10

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 10

a stimulus that on its own elicits a response.

in pavlovs experiment US was the meat

Question 11

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 11

a physical response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus; it does not need to be learned.

salivation

Question 12

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 12

a neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as an unconditioned stimulus with which it has been paired.

arrival of lab assistant is associated with food

Question 13

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 13

a physical response elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it is acquired through experience and is usually the same as the unconditioned response.

to salivate at the sight of the lab asssistant as it is now associated w

Question 14

stimulus generalization

Answer 14

what occurs when stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus trigger the same conditioned response.

Question 15

stimulus discrimination

Answer 15

what occurs when an organism learns to emit a specific behaviour in the presence of a conditioned stimulus, but not in the presence of stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 16

higher order conditioning

Answer 16

what occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus for further conditioning.

Question 17

extinction

Answer 17

reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone.

Question 18

spontaneous recovery

Answer 18

re-emergence of a conditioned response sometime after extinction has occurred.

Question 19

phobia

Answer 19

a persistent, irrational, or obsessive fear of a specific object or situation that may arise as a result of fear conditioning.

Question 20

systematic desensitization

Answer 20

a process used to condition extinction of phobias through gradual exposure to the feared object or situation.

Question 21

conditioned taste aversion

Answer 21

a form of classical conditioning whereby a previously neutral stimulus (often an odour or taste) elicits an aversive reaction after it’s paired with illness (nausea).

Question 22

operant or instrumental conditioning

Answer 22

a form of associative learning whereby behaviour is modified depending on its consequences.

Question 23

law of effect

Answer 23

a law that states that behaviours leading to rewards are more likely to occur again, while behaviours producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again.

Question 24

behaviourism

Answer 24

the systematic study and manipulation of observable behaviour.

Question 25

reinforcer

Answer 25

an experience that produces an increase in a certain behaviour.

Question 26

positive reinforcement

Answer 26

presentation of a pleasant consequence following a behaviour to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur.

i.e., giving your dog a treat after it sits, or if a child says please you will give them candy

Question 27

negative reinforcement

Answer 27

removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur.

Question 28

negative punishment

Answer 28

removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behaviour to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated.

Question 29

punishment

Answer 29

an experience that produces a decrease in a particular behaviour.

Question 30

positive punishment

Answer 30

presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a specific behaviour to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated.

i.e., something was added hat weakened response -> trying a new restaurant and the food was bad, not watching ur hands while you cut bread -> undesirable consequences will reduce action from being repeated

Question 31

primary reinforcer

Answer 31

a stimulus that has survival value and is therefore intrinsically rewarding.

Question 32

secondary reinforcer

Answer 32

a neutral stimulus that becomes rewarding when associated with a primary reinforcer.

Question 33

secondary punisher

Answer 33

a stimulus that becomes aversive when associated with a primary punisher.

Question 34

primary punisher

Answer 34

a stimulus that is naturally aversive to an organism.

Question 34

continuous reinforcement

Answer 34

what occurs when behaviour is reinforced every time it occurs.

Question 35

intermittent or partial reinforcement

Answer 35

a schedule of reinforcement where the behaviour is followed by reinforcement only some of the time.

Question 36

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 36

a schedule of reinforcement that occurs after a specific number of responses.

buy 10 coffees, get one free - you know how many times to perform action

Question 37

variable ratio schedule

Answer 37

a schedule of reinforcement that occurs when the number of responses required for reinforcement is unpredictable.

you must perform 20 trials of something and you will get 5 rewards but y

Question 38

fixed interval schedule

Answer 38

a schedule of reinforcement that occurs every time a specific time period has elapsed.

reinforcement that occurs after a specific amount of time has passed. St

Question 39

variable interval schedule

Answer 39

a schedule of reinforcement that occurs after varying amounts of time.

you will get scheduled reinforcements every hour, but you dont know when

Question 40

shaping

Answer 40

introducing new behaviour by reinforcing close approximations of the desired behaviour.

Question 41

behaviour modification

Answer 41

a systematic approach to change behaviour using principles of operant conditioning.

Question 42

learned helplessness

Answer 42

a situation in which repeated exposure to inescapable punishment eventually produces a failure to make escape attempts.

Question 43

observational learning or social learning

Answer 43

learning that occurs without overt training in response to watching the behaviour of others, called models.

Question 44

modelling

Answer 44

what occurs when an observer learns from the behaviour of another.

Question 45

vicarious learning

Answer 45

learning that occurs when an individual observes the consequences to another’s actions and then chooses to duplicate the behaviour or refrain from doing so.

Question 46

mirror neurons

Answer 46

neurons fired when an animal or human performs an action or when they see another animal perform the same action.

Question 47

implicit learning

Answer 47

the acquisition of information without awareness.

Question 48

spatial navigation learning

Answer 48

learning that involves forming associations among stimuli relevant to navigating in space.

Question 49

latent learning

Answer 49

a form of learning that is not expressed until there is a reward or incentive.

Question 50

insight learning

Answer 50

a sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts.

Question 51

specific learning disorder

Answer 51

a disorder that interferes with the acquisition and use of one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in the development of academic skills: oral language, reading, written language, and mathematics.

Question 52

reading disorder

Answer 52

a deficit in reading comprehension, written spelling, and word recognition.

Question 53

mathematics disorder

Answer 53

a deficit in mathematical ability, including the ability to do calculations, as well as the ability to understand mathematical word problems and mathematical concepts.

Question 54

disorder of written expression

Answer 54

a disorder experienced as impairment in the ability to create the written word.