Chapter 8

Question 1

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Encoding

Answer 1

Getting info into memory

Question 2

Storage

Answer 2

retaining memories by retention for further use

Question 3

Retrieval

Answer 3

Recalling memories for when we need them at a given moment

Question 4

What are the two major models of memory?

Answer 4

information-processing model & parallel distributed-processing (PDP) (or connectionist) model

Question 5

How do we encode info into memeory?

Answer 5

Effortful and automatic processing

Question 6

Automatic processing

Answer 6

encoding of information with little conscious awareness or effort.

Question 7

Effortful processing

Answer 7

encoding of information through careful attention and conscious effort.

Question 8

Transferring from Sensory Memory into Working Memory

Sensory memory

Answer 8

memory involving a detailed, brief sensory image or sound retained for a brief period of time.

Question 9

Transferring from Sensory Memory into Working Memory

Working memory

Answer 9

a short-term memory store that can hold five to nine items at once.

Question 10

Transferring from Sensory Memory into Working Memory

Rehersal

Answer 10

conscious repetition of information in an attempt to make sure the information is encoded.

Question 11

Transferring Working Memory into Long-Term Memory

long-term memory

Answer 11

the memory system in which we hold all of the information we have previously gathered, available for retrieval and use in a new situation or task.

Question 12

Transferring Working Memory into Long-Term Memory

spaced practice effect

Answer 12

facilitated encoding of material through rehearsal situations spread out over time.

Question 13

In What Form Is Information Encoded?

semantic code

Answer 13

cognitive representation of information or an event based on the meaning of the information.

Question 14

In What Form Is Information Encoded?

eidetic memories

Answer 14

photographic memory

Question 15

In What Form Is Information Encoded?

phonological or visual codes

Answer 15

visualizaing images and sounds

Question 16

In What Form Is Information Encoded?

mnemonic devices

Answer 16

techniques used to enhance the meaningfulness of information as a way of making them more memorable.

Question 17

In What Form Is Information Encoded?

schemas

Answer 17

knowledge bases that we develop based on prior exposure to similar experiences or other knowledge bases.

Question 18

Why is it more effective to study all term long, rather than in one massive session right before a final exam?

Question 19

Which type of coding would most people use to remember someone’s face? Which type would most people use to remember a person’s name?

Question 20

How Do We Retrieve Memories?

retrieval cues

Answer 20

words, sights, or other stimuli that remind us of the information we need to retrieve from our memory.

Question 21

How Do We Retrieve Memories?

priming

Answer 21

activation of one piece of information, which in turn leads to activation of another piece, and ultimately to the retrieval of a specific memory.

Question 22

How Do We Retrieve Memories?

recognition tasks

Answer 22

memory tasks in which people are asked to identify whether or not they have seen a particular item before.

Question 23

How Do We Retrieve Memories?

recall tasks

Answer 23

memory tasks in which people are asked to produce information using no or few retrieval cues.

Question 24

How Do We Retrieve Memories?

context

Answer 24

the original location where you first learned a concept or idea, rich with retrieval cues that will make it more likely you will be able to recall that information later if you are in that same location or context.

Question 25

# How Do We Retrieve Memories? encoding specificity principle

Answer 25

a theoretical framework that asserts that memory retrieval is more efficient when the information available at retrieval is similar to the information available at the time of encoding.

Question 26

# How Do We Retrieve Memories? state-dependent memory

Answer 26

memory retrieval facilitated by being in the same state of mind in which you encoded the memory in the first place.

Question 27

# How Do We Retrieve Memories? flashbulb memories

Answer 27

detailed and near-permanent memories of an emotionally significant event, or of the circumstances surrounding the moment we learned about the event.

Question 28

# Why Do We Forget and Misremember? forgetting

Answer 28

the inability to recall information that was previously encoded into memory.

Question 29

# Why Do We Forget and Misremember? decay theory

Answer 29

theory of forgetting, suggesting that memories fade over time due to neglect or failure to access over long periods of time.

Question 30

# Why Do We Forget and Misremember? interference theory

Answer 30

theory that forgetting is influenced by what happens to people before or after they take information in.

Question 31

# Why Do We Forget and Misremember? proactive interference

Answer 31

competing information that is learned before the forgotten material, preventing its subsequent recall.

Question 32

# Why Do We Forget and Misremember? retroactive interference

Answer 32

learning of new information that disrupts access to previously recalled information.

Question 33

# Why Do We Forget and Misremember? repression

Answer 33

process in which we unconsciously prevent some traumatic events from entering our awareness so that we do not have to experience the anxiety or blows to our self-concept that the memories would bring.

Question 34

# Why Do We Forget and Misremember? source misattribution

Answer 34

remembering information, but not the source it came from; can lead to remembering information from unreliable sources as true.

Question 35

# What Is the Anatomy of Memory? prefrontal cortex

Answer 35

important brain structure located just behind the forehead and implicated in working memory.

Question 36

# What Is the Biochemistry of Memory? memory consolidation

Answer 36

process by which memories stabilize in the brain.

Question 37

# What Is the Biochemistry of Memory? potentiation

Answer 37

synchronous networks of cells firing together.

Question 38

# What Is the Biochemistry of Memory? long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 38

a phenomenon where repeated stimulation of certain nerve cells in the brain greatly increases the likelihood that the cells will respond strongly to future stimulation.

Question 39

prospective memory

Answer 39

ability to remember content in the future.

Question 40

retrospective memory

Answer 40

ability to remember content from the past.

Question 41

# Organic Memory Disorders amnestic disorders

Answer 41

organic disorders in which memory loss is the primary symptom.

Question 42

# Organic Memory Disorders retrograde amnesia

Answer 42

inability to remember things that occurred before an organic event.

Question 43

# Organic Memory Disorders anterograde amnesia

Answer 43

ongoing inability to form new memories after an amnesia-inducing event.

Question 44

# Organic Memory Disorders dementia

Answer 44

severe memory problems combined with losses in at least one other cognitive function, such as abstract thinking or language.

Question 45

# Organic Memory Disorders Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 45

most common form of dementia, usually beginning with mild memory problems, lapses of attention, and problems in language, and progressing to difficulty with even simple tasks and recall of long-held memories.

Question 46

neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 46

twisted protein fibres found within the cells of the hippocampus and certain other brain areas.

Question 47

senile plaques

Answer 47

sphere-shaped deposits of a protein known as beta-amyloid that form in the spaces between cells in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and certain other brain regions, as well as in some nearby blood vessels.