Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC100 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

*

Encoding

A

Getting info into memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Storage

A

retaining memories by retention for further use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Retrieval

A

Recalling memories for when we need them at a given moment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two major models of memory?

A

information-processing model & parallel distributed-processing (PDP) (or connectionist) model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do we encode info into memeory?

A

Effortful and automatic processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Automatic processing

A

encoding of information with little conscious awareness or effort.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Effortful processing

A

encoding of information through careful attention and conscious effort.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Transferring from Sensory Memory into Working Memory

Sensory memory

A

memory involving a detailed, brief sensory image or sound retained for a brief period of time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transferring from Sensory Memory into Working Memory

Working memory

A

a short-term memory store that can hold five to nine items at once.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Transferring from Sensory Memory into Working Memory

Rehersal

A

conscious repetition of information in an attempt to make sure the information is encoded.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Transferring Working Memory into Long-Term Memory

long-term memory

A

the memory system in which we hold all of the information we have previously gathered, available for retrieval and use in a new situation or task.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Transferring Working Memory into Long-Term Memory

spaced practice effect

A

facilitated encoding of material through rehearsal situations spread out over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In What Form Is Information Encoded?

semantic code

A

cognitive representation of information or an event based on the meaning of the information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In What Form Is Information Encoded?

eidetic memories

A

photographic memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In What Form Is Information Encoded?

phonological or visual codes

A

visualizaing images and sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In What Form Is Information Encoded?

mnemonic devices

A

techniques used to enhance the meaningfulness of information as a way of making them more memorable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In What Form Is Information Encoded?

schemas

A

knowledge bases that we develop based on prior exposure to similar experiences or other knowledge bases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is it more effective to study all term long, rather than in one massive session right before a final exam?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which type of coding would most people use to remember someone’s face? Which type would most people use to remember a person’s name?

A
20
Q

How Do We Retrieve Memories?

retrieval cues

A

words, sights, or other stimuli that remind us of the information we need to retrieve from our memory.

21
Q

How Do We Retrieve Memories?

priming

A

activation of one piece of information, which in turn leads to activation of another piece, and ultimately to the retrieval of a specific memory.

22
Q

How Do We Retrieve Memories?

recognition tasks

A

memory tasks in which people are asked to identify whether or not they have seen a particular item before.

23
Q

How Do We Retrieve Memories?

recall tasks

A

memory tasks in which people are asked to produce information using no or few retrieval cues.

24
Q

How Do We Retrieve Memories?

context

A

the original location where you first learned a concept or idea, rich with retrieval cues that will make it more likely you will be able to recall that information later if you are in that same location or context.

25
Q

How Do We Retrieve Memories?

encoding specificity principle

A

a theoretical framework that asserts that memory retrieval is more efficient when the information available at retrieval is similar to the information available at the time of encoding.

26
Q

How Do We Retrieve Memories?

state-dependent memory

A

memory retrieval facilitated by being in the same state of mind in which you encoded the memory in the first place.

27
Q

How Do We Retrieve Memories?

flashbulb memories

A

detailed and near-permanent memories of an emotionally significant event, or of the circumstances surrounding the moment we learned about the event.

28
Q

Why Do We Forget and Misremember?

forgetting

A

the inability to recall information that was previously encoded into memory.

29
Q

Why Do We Forget and Misremember?

decay theory

A

theory of forgetting, suggesting that memories fade over time due to neglect or failure to access over long periods of time.

30
Q

Why Do We Forget and Misremember?

interference theory

A

theory that forgetting is influenced by what happens to people before or after they take information in.

31
Q

Why Do We Forget and Misremember?

proactive interference

A

competing information that is learned before the forgotten material, preventing its subsequent recall.

32
Q

Why Do We Forget and Misremember?

retroactive interference

A

learning of new information that disrupts access to previously recalled information.

33
Q

Why Do We Forget and Misremember?

repression

A

process in which we unconsciously prevent some traumatic events from entering our awareness so that we do not have to experience the anxiety or blows to our self-concept that the memories would bring.

34
Q

Why Do We Forget and Misremember?

source misattribution

A

remembering information, but not the source it came from; can lead to remembering information from unreliable sources as true.

35
Q

What Is the Anatomy of Memory?

prefrontal cortex

A

important brain structure located just behind the forehead and implicated in working memory.

36
Q

What Is the Biochemistry of Memory?

memory consolidation

A

process by which memories stabilize in the brain.

37
Q

What Is the Biochemistry of Memory?

potentiation

A

synchronous networks of cells firing together.

38
Q

What Is the Biochemistry of Memory?

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

a phenomenon where repeated stimulation of certain nerve cells in the brain greatly increases the likelihood that the cells will respond strongly to future stimulation.

39
Q

prospective memory

A

ability to remember content in the future.

40
Q

retrospective memory

A

ability to remember content from the past.

41
Q

Organic Memory Disorders

amnestic disorders

A

organic disorders in which memory loss is the primary symptom.

42
Q

Organic Memory Disorders

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to remember things that occurred before an organic event.

43
Q

Organic Memory Disorders

anterograde amnesia

A

ongoing inability to form new memories after an amnesia-inducing event.

44
Q

Organic Memory Disorders

dementia

A

severe memory problems combined with losses in at least one other cognitive function, such as abstract thinking or language.

45
Q

Organic Memory Disorders

Alzheimer’s disease

A

most common form of dementia, usually beginning with mild memory problems, lapses of attention, and problems in language, and progressing to difficulty with even simple tasks and recall of long-held memories.

46
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

twisted protein fibres found within the cells of the hippocampus and certain other brain areas.

47
Q

senile plaques

A

sphere-shaped deposits of a protein known as beta-amyloid that form in the spaces between cells in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and certain other brain regions, as well as in some nearby blood vessels.

PSYC100 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions