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year 3 > PSYC 358 > Flashcards

PSYC 358 Flashcards

1
Q

temporal resolution

A

the accuracy with which one can measure when an event is occuring

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2
Q

spatial resolution

A

the accuracy with which one can measure where an event is occuring

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3
Q

invasiveness of a method

A

whether or not the equipment is located internally or externally

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4
Q

mental chronometry

A

defined as the study of the time-course of information processing in the human nervous system

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5
Q

speed-accuracy trade-off

A

If people are required to respond faster, they will tend to be less accurate

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6
Q

performance measures advantages

A

They reflect actual behaviour; they are simple to analyze and interpret

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7
Q

performance measures disadvantages

A

They are hard to link directly to neural substrates (unless combined with other measures)

There is not always a clear relationship between lab tasks and real-world behaviour

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8
Q

preferential looking

A

in infant research, a number of stimuli (normally 2) are presented and the amount of time that infant spends looking at each of them is scored

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9
Q

habituation

A

in infant research, the same stimulus (or the same kind of stimulus) is presented repeatedly and the infant’s attention towards the stimulus (measured in terms of looking time) diminishes

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10
Q

inter-rater (or inter-observer) reliability

A

the extent to which two independent observers generate the same answers

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11
Q

blind scoring

A

the observer is unaware of the status of the event that is being scored

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12
Q

emotions

A

states associated with stimuli that are rewarding or punishing

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12
Q

reward

A

an outcome that one is willing to work to obtain

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13
Q

punishment

A

an outcome that one is willing to work to avoid

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13
Q

mood

A

an emotional state that is extended over time (anxiety is a mood and fear is an emotion)

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14
Q

interoception

A

the brain’s ability to sense the current state of its internal organs

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15
Q

hedonic value

A

the subjective liking/disliking of a stimulus/event

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16
Q

expressions

A

external motor outcomes in the face and body associated with emotional states

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16
Q

motivation

A

states in which rewards are sought and punishers are avoided

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17
Q

id (freud)

A

unconscious motivations that represent primitive urges from our non human ancestry

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18
Q

ego (freud)

A

the conscious self operating according to reason rather than passion

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19
Q

cannon-bard theory

A

a theory centered on the hypothalamus’ role in emotions in which bodily responses occur after the emotion itself

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19
Q

superego (freud)

A

the ideal self, such as ou cultural norms and our aspirations

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20
Q

James-Lange theory

A

the self-perception of bodily changes produces emotional experience

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21
Q

papez circuit

A

a limbic-based circuit that was once thought to constitute a largely undifferentiated emotional brain

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22
Q

primary reinforcers

A

stimuli that act as rewards or punishers without any prior learning

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23
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

learned rewards or punishers

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24
Q

basic emotions

A

different categories of emotions assumed to be independent of culture and with their own biological basis

happy
sad
disgust
anger
fear
surprise

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24
Q

social referencing

A

use of emotional cues in others to learn the rewarding/punishing nature of initially neutral stimuli

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25
Q

moral emotions

A

emotional states that arise following a comparison of actual behaviour (own behaviour, other’s behaviour) relative to a normative or ideal behaviour

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26
Q

amygdala

A

collection of nuclei buried bilaterally in the anterior temporal poles

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27
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

behaviours associated with lesions in the amygdala region of primates, including an unusual tameness, emotional blunting, a tendency to examine objects with the mouth, and dietary changes.

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27
Q
A
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28
Q

second order conditioning

A

a form of learning in which a stimulus is first made meaningful through an initial step of learning and then that stimulus is used as a basis for learning about some new stimulus

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29
Q

masking

A

the presentation of junk visual material after a stimulus (to eliminate persistence of a visual image)

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30
Q

advantages of observational measures

A

they can be used when it’s impossible or inappropriate to give instructions to a participant; they can be used in naturalistic settings

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31
Q

disadvantages of observational measures

A

there are difficulties associated with scoring and observer biases (although methods such as eye tracking can limit this)

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32
Q

left off W2 reading

A

fill in after this

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33
Q

what is developmental social neuroscience

A

study of neural mechanisms behind social behaviour
- social perception
- emotional perception
- cognition
- behaviour

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34
Q

social processing involves

A
  • perception of other’s cues
  • emotions felt
  • regulation of behaviour
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35
Q

who’s phinneas gage

A

guy with pole through brain, personality changed due to pole in frontal lobe

early example of lesion studies

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36
Q

reliability

A

the extent to which the same measure would yield the same results if repeated

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37
Q

acquiescence bias

A

a tendency to respond affirmatively in surveys, irrespective of the content of the question

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38
Q

factor analysis

A

a statistical method for reducing a data set

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39
Q

external validity

A

the extent to which a measure relates to something useful in ‘real life’

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40
Q

type I error

A

getting a significant result when there is no real effect

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41
Q

type II error

A

getting a nonsignificant result when there is a real effect

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42
Q

whereas observational methods measure ____, survey methods ask ___

A

observational methods measure how ppl actually behave, survey methods ask ppl how they think they might behave

may have lower external validity then (surveys)

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43
Q

advantages of survey measures

A

they can be used in situations where an experimental manipulation is not possible or unethical; they measure thoughts and attitudes rather than behaviour

44
Q

disadvantages of survey measures

A

participants’ self-reports may not reflect their true behaviour; and a significant amount of social cognition occurs unconsciously

45
Q

neurons

A

a type of cell that makes up the nervous system

46
Q

dendrites

A

branching structures that receive info from other neurons

47
Q

axon

A

a branching structure that carries info away from the cell body towards other neurons and transmits action potentials

48
Q

synapse

A

the small gap between neurons in which neurotrans,itters are released, permitting signaling between neurons

49
Q

neurons consist of 3 components

A

cell body (soma), axon, dendrites

50
Q

action potential

A

a sudden change in the electrical properties of the neuronal membrane in an axon

51
Q

when a pre-synaptic neuron is active….

A

an electrical current (AP) is propagated down the length of the axon

52
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical signals that affect the synaptic functioning of neurons

53
Q

when the AP reaches the axon terminal…

A

chemicals are released into the synaptic cleft (neurotransmitters released)

54
Q

what creates a synaptic potential

A

when neurotransmitters bind to receptors on dendrites or cell body of the post-synaptic neuron

55
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

a set of nerves located in the body that controls the activity of the internal organs

56
Q

what does the CNS consist of

A

brain and spinal cord

57
Q

peripheral NS consists of?

A

nerves sending and receiving signals to other parts of the body

58
Q

peripheral NS divided into

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

somatic nervous system ()

59
Q

somatic nervous system

A

part of the peripheral nervous system that coordinates muscle activity

60
Q

sympathetic system

A

a division of the ANS that increases arousal (increased heart rate, breathing, pupil size) but decreases functions such as digestion

61
Q

the somatic NS coordinates ____ whereas the autonomic NS controls and monitors _____

A

muscle activity
bodily functions

62
Q

parasympathetic system

A

a division of the ANS that has a resting effect (decreased heart rate, breathing, pupil size) but increases functions such as digestion

63
Q

skin conductance response (SCR)

A

small changes in conductivity as a result of mild sweating

common way of measuring increased activity of the sympathetic NS (heightened arousal can lead to more sweat)

measured by applying a weak electrical current to the skin

64
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

a method for assessing electrical activity associated with muscle movement

65
Q

eyeblink startle response

A

a motor response (measured via EMG) that is normally elicited by a loud unexpected sound but is further modulated by the participant’s emotional state

66
Q

EMG is a measure of

A

electrical activity associated with muscle contraction

these changes come about bc of an increase in the number of action potentials in muscle fibers during muscle contraction

67
Q

interoceptive awareness

A

the ability to report on one’s own heart rate

68
Q

advantages of measures of bodily responses

A

bodily responses are often present in the absence of awareness of a stimulus and may occur in the abasence of a specific task; they’re easy to record and analyze

69
Q

single cell recording

A

method of recording the electrical activity (APs) of neurons

70
Q

disadvantages of measures of bodily responses

A

not straightforward to link bodily responses to brain and cognition

71
Q

single cell recordings can be obtained by

A

implanting a very small electrode either into the axon itself or outside the membrane and counting the number of times that an AP is produced in response to a given stimulus

invasive method!

impossible to do non invasively bc signal from single neuron to weak to read on scalp

72
Q

advantages of single cell recording

A

directly related to neural activity; has excellent spatial and temporal resolution

73
Q

disadvantages of single cell recording

A

invasive so rarely performed on humans; info limited to regions probed, not whole brain

73
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalography

records electrical signals generated by the brain through electrodes placed at different points on the scalp

73
Q

event related potentials (ERPS)

A

an averaged set of EEG recordings that are time locked to a particular event

73
Q

advantages of ERPs

A

excellent temporal resolution; direct measure of neural activity

73
Q

N170

A

an ERP (negative peak at 170 ms) that has been linked to face perception

strongest over right posterior temporal electrode sites

74
Q

disadvantages of ERPs

A

poor spatial resolution; some subcortical brain regions are impossible to investigate

75
Q

phylogenetic development

A

the development of the species over an evolutionary timescale

76
Q

ontogenetic development

A

the development of an individual from conception to death

76
Q

behavioural genetics

A

a field concerned with studying the inheritance of behaviour and cognition

77
Q

neural tube

A

a set of cells arranged in a hollow cylinder in an embryo from which the NS derives

78
Q

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

a noninvasive method for recording magnetic fioelds generated by the brain at the scalp

parallel method to EEG

79
Q

gray matter

A

tissue of the nervous system consisting primarily of neuronal cell bodies

79
Q

white matter

A

tissue of the nervous system consisting primarily of axons and support cells (glia)

80
Q

gyri

A

raised folds of the cotex

81
Q

sulci

A

grooves of the cortex

81
Q

basal ganglia

A

regions of the subcortical gray matter involved in aspects of motor control and skill learning

82
Q

emotion

A

states associated with stimuli that are rewarding or punishing

82
Q

limbic system

A

a region of subcortex involved in relating the organism to the environment; includes the amygdala, hippocampus, etc.

82
Q

mood

A

an emotional state that is extended over time

83
Q

hedonic value

A

the subjective liking/disloking of a stimulus/event

83
Q

The James-Lange theory

A

the self-perception of bodily changes produces emotional experience (one is sad bc one cries)

83
Q

Papez circuit

A

a limbic based circuit that was once thought to constiute a largely undifferentiated emotional brain

83
Q

The Cannon-Bard theory

A

a theory centered on the hypothalamus’ role in emotions in which bodily responses occur after the emotion itself

84
Q

the insula

A

region of the cortex lying beneath the temporal lobes

anterior portion considered to be involved in interoceptive awareness and bodily feelings in general

some evidence of a preferential involvement in disgust

84
Q

the amygdala

A

collection of nuclei buried bilaterally in the anterior temporal poles

receives connections from overlying temporal lobes (involved in higher stages of processing and conceptual knowledge)

involved in learning and the emotional value of stimuli

84
Q

orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

A

located on the ventral surface of the frontal lobes, above the eye sockets

computes the motivational value of rewards (do I want chocolate now rather than whether I like chocolate)

84
Q

the emotional brain (parts)

A

amygdala
insula
anterior cingulate cortex
OFC
ventral striatum

85
Q

the anterior cingulate cortex

A

located around the anterir corpus callosum on the medial surface of the brain

involved in the production of certain bodily responses elicited by an emotional stimulus

86
Q

ventral striatum

A

part of the basal ganglia

responds to rewards and the anticipation of rewards

87
Q

basic emotions

A

different categories of emotions assumed to be independent of culture and with their own biological basis

happy, angry, sad, fearful, disgust (and surprise?)

88
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

behaviours associated with lesions in the amygdala region of primates including an ususual tameness, etc.

89
Q

social bonds

A

hypothetical links between known people that induce a sense of happiness or well-being in the presence of the bonded other and a sense of wanting or longing (perhaps even distress) in their absence

90
Q
A
91
Q

love

A

the emotion that is associated with being in an attachment relationship

92
Q

triangular theory of love

A

an explanation of love in terms of a combination of three factors
- passion
- intimacy
- commitment

93
Q

imprinting

A

the process by which animals (particularly birds) recognize and seek proximity with a mother figure

93
Q

attachment

A

a powerful type of social bond that tends to be limited to particular kinds of relationships (infant-parent, romantic partners)

94
Q

oxytocin

A

a hormone involved in attachment formation that acts on certain receptors in the brain

95
Q

vasopressin

A

a similar attachment forming hormone to oxytocin for which males have greater sensitivity than females

96
Q

medial pre-optic area (MPOA)

A

a region of the hypothalamus that in many mammalian species triggers parental behaviours by responding to pregnancy- related hormonal changes

97
Q
A
98
Q

strange situation test

A

a measure of attachment during infancy in which the infant experiences separations and reunions with a stranger and with an attachment figure

99
Q

Adolescence

A

The period between onset of puberty and adulthood, characterized by signifcant hormonal changes and changes to physical appearance.

100
Q
A

year 3 (6 decks)

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