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PSYC*2310 > PSYC*2310 Chapter 2: The Self > Flashcards

PSYC*2310 Chapter 2: The Self Flashcards

1
Q

Which term describes the relatively stable sense of who we are?

A

Identity

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2
Q

What are the three parts of self proposed by Baumeister and Bushman?

A
  • Self-knowledge
  • Public self
  • Agent self
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3
Q

What are three sources of self-knowledge?

A
  • Self comparison
  • Feedback from others
  • Introspection
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4
Q

What is upward social comparison?

A

Comparing ourselves to those who are better than us

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5
Q

What is downward social comparison?

A

Comparing ourselves to those who are less fortunate than us

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6
Q

T or F: The self-knowledge obtained from others is heavily filtered through biases.

A

True

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7
Q

What is introspection?

A

The process of thinking about one’s own thoughts or feelings

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8
Q

What are two limitations associated with introspection?

A
  • We don’t engage in it often
  • Some of our reasoning and attitudes are unconscious and thus cannot be reflected upon
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9
Q

According to William James, an individual’s sense of identity is created by combining what two aspects of self?

A
  • Self-concept
  • Self-awareness
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10
Q

What is the self-concept?

A

An individual’s overall beliefs about their own attributes

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11
Q

T or F: An adult’s self-concept tends to be more concrete and place more emphasis on physical characteristics than a child’s.

A

False. Adults have a more abstract self-concept which emphasizes psychological characteristics, whereas a child’s tend to be more concrete.

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12
Q

Which term describes the extent to which knowledge about the self is clearly and consistently defined?

A

Self-concept clarity

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13
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

An individual’s evaluation of their own worth

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14
Q

What does it mean to be self-aware?

A

To be in a state of awareness of oneself as an object of one’s thoughts

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15
Q

What does the self-awareness theory state?

A

When people are forced into self-awareness, and notice a discrepancy between their attitudes and behaviours, they become motivated to either change their behaviour or reduce self-awareness

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16
Q

What are the three functions of self?

A
  • A regulatory system
  • An interpersonal tool
  • A regulatory system
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17
Q

T or F: Introspection is an effective way to gain insight into our true attitudes

A

False

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18
Q

What is affective forecasting?

A

The process of predicting the impact of both positive and negative events on mood

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19
Q

Are people generally accurate or inaccurate in their affective forecasting?

A

Inaccurate

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20
Q

What is the self-discrepancy theory?

A

The theory that our self-concept is influenced by the gap between how we actually see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves

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21
Q

Some researchers believe that the self-discrepancy theory is only relevant when a person has what?

A

Self-awareness

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22
Q

What is the self-perception theory?

A

The theory that individuals look at their own behaviour to determine their attitudes and beliefs

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23
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

The hypothesis that changes in facial expression can lead to changes in emotion

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24
Q

T or F: The motivation a person identifies as being the reason for their behaviour can influence how they view themselves.

A

True

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25
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

Motivation by internal factors

26
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

Motivation by external factors

27
Q

Which type of motivation is associated with greater task enjoyment?

A

Intrinsic motivation

28
Q

What is the phenomenon in which receiving external rewards for a behaviour can undermine the intrinsic motivation for engaging in that behaviour?

A

Overjustification

29
Q

What is the social comparison theory?

A

The theory that people evaluate their own abilities and attributes by comparing themselves to others

30
Q

When is the tendency to use social comparison especially likely?

A

In situations of uncertainty

31
Q

What does the local dominance theory describe?

A

The tendency for people to compare themselves to those who are more “local” (similar to them)

32
Q

What are self-serving biases?

A

The tendency to misremember events in a self-serving way to feel good about themselves

33
Q

What is the phenomenon of regression to the average?

A

A statistical phenomenon in which things that are initially at extreme points are likely to become less extreme over time

34
Q

What is the false consensus effect?

A

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people share the same opinions, attitudes and behaviours as us

35
Q

What is the false uniqueness effect?

A

The tendency to underestimate the extent to which other people are likely to share our positive attitudes and behaviours

36
Q

What is self-serving attribution?

A

The tendency to view oneself in a positive light

37
Q

What are the three “positive illusions” that are described as characteristics of healthy, normal people?

A
  • Unrealistic optimism
  • Exaggerating perception of self-control
  • Illusory superiority/ overconfidence
38
Q

What is unrealistic optimism?

A

A phenomenon in which people see themselves as more likely than others to experience good events and less likely than others to experience bad events

39
Q

T or F: Individuals view their strengths as being persistent throughout their life, which they view their weaknesses as being more likely to adjust and improve in the future.

A

True

40
Q

Which positive illusion is described as perceived control?

A

The tendency to see uncontrollable events as at least partially under our control

41
Q

What is illusory superiority/overconfidence?

A

An unrealistically positive view of the self

42
Q

What does it mean to “bask in reflected glory”?

A

To associate with successful others as a way of increasing one’s feelings of self-worth

43
Q

What is self-handicapping?

A

A strategy in which people create obstacles to success, so potential future outcomes can be blames on those external factors rather than internal traits

44
Q

What is self-promotion?

A

An impression management strategy that focuses on making other people think you are competent while pointing to your accomplishments

45
Q

What is the opposite of self-promotion?

A

Modesty bias

46
Q

T or F: Women who self-promote are seen as more likeable, but less competent.

A

False. They are seen as more competent, but less likeable.

47
Q

What is ingratiation?

A

An impression management strategy in which people try to make themselves likeable to someone else through flattery and praise

48
Q

What is the slime effect?

A

A phenomenon in which we quickly notice and especially dislike

49
Q

What is the self-verification theory?

A

An impression management strategy in which we assume that other people’s perception of us is consistent with our own perception of ourselves

50
Q

What is self-monitoring?

A

An impression management strategy in which people tend to monitor their attitudes and behaviour in response to the situation

51
Q

How is maintaining a consistent self-presentation perceived in individualistic cultures?

A

Perceived as an indication of sincerity and integrity

52
Q

How is maintaining a consistent self-presentation perceived in collectivistic cultures?

A

Perceived as an indication of stubbornness, immaturity, and a refusal to adjust to situations and relationships

53
Q

What is the spotlight effect?

A

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which one’s own appearance and behaviour are obvious to others

54
Q

What are the three aspects of self proposed by Harry Triandis?

A
  • The private self
  • The public self
  • the collective self
55
Q

In collectivistic cultures, which aspects of self are given greater emphasis?

A

The public self and collective self

56
Q

In individualistic cultures, which aspect of self is given greater emphasis?

A

The private self

57
Q

What is an independent self-construal?

A

A conception of the self as autonomous and independent from others, behaving primarily to express its own internal attributes

58
Q

What is an interdependent self-construal?

A

A conception of the self as being connected to others, with its behaviour contingent on the values, thoughts, and preferences of others

59
Q

What is considered an important predictor of well-being in individualistic cultures, but not collectivistic cultures?

A

Consistency among aspects of the self

60
Q

Is overjustification more or less common in collectivistic than individualistic societies?

A

Less common

61
Q

T or F: The commonly assumed belief that people need to have a positive self-regard seems to be unique to those in individualistic cultures.

A

True

62
Q

What is the ecological fallacy?

A

The error of assuming that relationships between variables at the group level are the same as relationships at the individual level (there is more variation within a culture than between cultures)

PSYC*2310 (6 decks)

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