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PSYC*2310 > PSYC*2310 Chapter 11: Aggression > Flashcards

PSYC*2310 Chapter 11: Aggression Flashcards

1
Q

How is aggression defined?

A

Physical or verbal behaviour that is intended to harm another individual who is motivated to avoid such treatment

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2
Q

What are the four key factors that define aggression?

A
  • A behaviour that harms others
  • Involves intention
  • Involves a negative consequence for the victim
  • Involves a victim who is motivated to avoid the treatment
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3
Q

Can thoughts, motives, and emotions such as anger be considered aggression?

A

No

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4
Q

Can accidents be considered aggression?

A

No

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5
Q

Can acts with intended harm, but no actual harm, be considered aggression?

A

Yes

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6
Q

What is emotional/hostile aggression?

A

Aggression that is inflicted simply to cause harm

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7
Q

What is instrumental aggression?

A

Aggression in which one inflicts harm in order to obtain something of value

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8
Q

What is the behavioural perspective on aggression?

A

Aggressive behaviour results in physical and personal injuries

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9
Q

Which perspective of aggression focuses on the outcome of the behaviour?

A

The behavioural perspective

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10
Q

What is the cognitive perspective on aggression?

A

Aggression is behaviour that is intended to harm another individual

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11
Q

Which perspective of aggression focuses on the intention of the perpetrator?

A

The cognitive perspective

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12
Q

Which neurotransmitter has been shown to play a role in aggression?

A

Serotonin

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13
Q

What is catharsis?

A

The release of suppressed energy or emotion

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14
Q

Is catharsis a good way to reduce aggressive feelings?

A

No

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15
Q

Were those whose anger decreased after being aggressive more or less likely to be aggressive in other situations?

A

More likely

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16
Q

What is the instinct theory of aggression?

A

A theory that describes aggression as an innate biological drive

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17
Q

Which theory of aggression is suggested as an explanation for why men tend to be more aggressive than women?

A

The instinct theory of aggression

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18
Q

Marked individual differences in rates of aggression can be seen as early as what age?

A

Three years old

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19
Q

Aggression and rule-breaking were found to be influenced by what latent common factor?

A

Antisocial behaviour

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20
Q

People who are highly aggressive have higher levels of what hormone?

A

Testosterone

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21
Q

T or F: Female prisoners tend to be more aggressive than male prisoners.

A

True

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22
Q

T or F: Some evidence suggests that the link between aggression and testosterone is bidirectional.

A

True

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23
Q

What has the MAOA-uVNTR genotype been associated with?

A

Measures of reactive impulsive aggressiveness in both men and women

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24
Q

What does the social learning theory propose about the gender difference in aggression?

A

Males show more aggression than and females because they are taught different things about its costs and benefits

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25
Q

What are four potential explanations for the gender difference in aggression?

A
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary perspective
  • Hormonal factors
  • The social learning theory
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26
Q

Are current gender differences in aggression smaller or larger than older ones?

A

Smaller

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27
Q

Do men have higher or lower rates of physical aggression compared to women?

A

Higher

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28
Q

Do men have higher or lower rates of verbal aggression compared to women?

A

Slightly higher

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29
Q

Do men have higher or lower rates of relational aggression compared to women?

A

Lower

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30
Q

What type of aggression are women more likely to initiate?

A

Aggression causing psychological or social harm

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31
Q

What seems to be an effective method of inducing anger and aggression that shows no gender difference?

A

Provocation

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32
Q

Which gender appears more aggressive in verbal venting situations when they are identifiable, but not when they’re anonymous?

A

Males

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33
Q

Regardless of testosterone levels, do men with high income have relatively low or high rates of delinquency?

A

Relatively low rates

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34
Q

Do men with low income and low levels of testosterone show high or low rates of delinquency?

A

Low rates

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35
Q

Do men with low income and high levels of testosterone show high or low rates of delinquency?

A

High rates

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36
Q

What is disinhibition?

A

The weakening or removal of inhibitions that normally restrain people from acting on their impulses

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37
Q

Does alcohol exposure lead to more or less aggression at a subconscious level?

A

More

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38
Q

When primed with alcohol-related images and images of weapons, did participants show any difference in their identification of aggressive words?

A

Yes, they recognized aggressive words faster than neutral words

39
Q

What is the frustration-aggression theory?

A

A theory that frustration always leads to the desire to behave aggressively and that aggression is caused by frustration

40
Q

What causes frustration?

A

Being prevented from getting what you want

41
Q

Which theory of aggression incorporated the Freudian idea of aggression as a basic impulse?

A

The frustration-aggression theory

42
Q

What is displacement?

A

The tendency for people to transfer their anger onto whatever target is available

43
Q

When the target or cause of a person’s frustration is not available, what does the frustration-aggression theory claim that they do?

A

Claims that they use displacement

44
Q

What/ who is displaced aggression particularly likely to target?

A

Designated victims

45
Q

What are designated victims?

A

People in society who are seen as easy targets for displaced aggression (ex. immigrants and the unemployed)

46
Q

What happens when the victim of displaced anger doesn’t reciprocate the aggression?

A

They are seen as nicer than before and diminish the perpetrator’s aggression

47
Q

When is displaced anger particularly common?

A

When the person is provoked, then is given the opportunity to think about this provocation

48
Q

What are two critiques of the frustration-aggression theory?

A
  • Frustration doesn’t necessarily have to lead to aggression
  • Not all aggression stems from frustration
49
Q

Which theory of aggression describes it as caused by experiencing any kind of negative affect because it evokes aggression-related thoughts, memories, feelings, and ideas

A

The cognitive-neoassociation theory

50
Q

What is the relationship between hot temperatures and aggression?

A

As temperature increases, so does the incidence of aggressive acts

51
Q

What does it mean to say that the relationship between violence and temperature is curvilinear?

A

Up to a certain point, violence increases as temperature increases, then violence decreases as temperature increases

52
Q

According to the cognitive-neoassociation theory, the mere presence of what type of object can trigger aggressive behaviour?

A

Objects associated with aggression (ex. guns)

53
Q

What is the excitation transfer/ arousal-affect model?

A

A model describing aggression as influenced by both the intensity of arousal and the type of emotion produced by the stimulus

54
Q

T or F: According to the excitation transfer model, any type of arousal can be interpreted as aggression if a person is in a situation that cues aggressions.

A

True

55
Q

Which model of aggression is based on Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion?

A

The excitation transfer model

56
Q

What is the social learning theory?

A

A theory that describes behaviour as learned through modelling, rewards, and punishments

57
Q

What does the general aggression model propose?

A

That both individual differences and situational factors lead to aggression-related thoughts, feelings, and/or arousal, which in turn, can lead to aggressive behaviour, depending on how a person interprets the situation

58
Q

What are the four “steps” leading to aggressive behaviour according to the general aggression model?

A
  • The presence of individual and/or situational factors
  • The activation of accessible cognitions, accessible affects, and/or arousal
  • Appraisal processes/ interpretation of situation
  • Behaviour choice
59
Q

What is one clear way in which exposure to violence on television can lead to aggression via modelling?

A

Modelling

60
Q

What are Helfgott’s six proposed motivations for committing copy cat crimes?

A
  • Watching violence on TV diminishes some people’s aggressive propensities
  • People copy the violence they see demonstrated (social learning theory)
  • Priming
  • Watching violence on TV increases arousal, so one acts violently to try to feel the same way
  • The more a person is exposed to violent media, the more they become desensitized
  • Being desensitized leads to a willingness to act aggressively
61
Q

What are two reasons why physiological arousal leads to aggression?

A
  • Arousal can heighten whatever a person is already feeling, and thus increase the likelihood that they will act on those feelings
  • People may misattribute the cause of their arousal, and thus react more strongly if provoked
62
Q

What is desensitization?

A

The reduction of physiological reactions to a stimuli due to repeated exposure to it

63
Q

Can desensitization reduce people’s inhibitions about engaging in aggressive behaviour?

A

Yes

64
Q

The circuit consisting of the orbital frontal cortex, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex is suggested as the neural correlate for what?

A

Aggression

65
Q

Does lower activation in the neural circuitry associated with aggression increase or decrease aggression?

A

Lower activation leads to more aggression

66
Q

What are four ways to reduce aggression?

A
  • Punishment
  • Modelling non-aggressive responses
  • Training in communication and problem-solving skills
  • Increasing empathy and perspective taking
67
Q

What is one of the most common ways of trying to reduce aggressive behaviour?

A

Punishment

68
Q

What are two reasons why punishment may not be the most effective method of reducing aggression?

A
  • Some forms of punishment model the use of aggression
  • It can lead to the belief that the only reason to not behave aggressively is to avoid punishment
69
Q

What is one of the most effective communication strategies for reducing aggressive behaviour?

A

An apology

70
Q

Under what three circumstances are apologies most effective?

A
  • When delivered shortly after the transgression
  • When delivered intensely
  • When delivered empathetically
71
Q

T or F: Although expressing anger violently leads to increased aggression, letting someone know you’re upset can be an effective way of reducing it.

A

True

72
Q

Does ruminating about a problem increase or decrease anger towards it?

A

Increases anger

73
Q

Does distracting one’s self from a problem increase or decrease anger towards it?

A

Decreases anger

74
Q

Did perspective-taking or empathy prove to be more effective in strategic games?

A

Perspective-taking

75
Q

Did perspective-taking or empathy prove to be more effective in games based on the strength of interpersonal connections?

A

Empathy

76
Q

In high-honour cultures like Turkey, are people more or less likely to be submissive?

A

Less likely

77
Q

Are individuals from collectivistic or individualistic culture more likely to retaliate against the aggressor?

A

Individualistic

78
Q

Which three demographic traits are most common in people who approve corporal punishment?

A
  • Male
  • Less educated
  • Older
79
Q

Are those who experienced corporal punishment as children more or less likely to use it as a method of punishment for their own children?

A

Less likely

80
Q

Which four countries are among those with a high level of homicide?

A
  • Russia
  • Mexico
  • South Africa
  • Venezuela
81
Q

T or F: Some data suggests that collectivistic cultures show higher rates of aggression (including violent crimes and homicides).

A

True

82
Q

What is one explanation for why collectivistic cultures show higher rates of aggression?

A

There is a greater distinction drawn between in-group and out-group members

83
Q

Is peer-directed aggression higher or lower in collectivistic cultures?

A

Lower

84
Q

Are rates of domestic violence higher in collectivistic or individualistic cultures?

A

Collectivistic

85
Q

How is a woman who remains in an abusive relationship viewed differently in collectivistic cultures vs individualistic cultures?

A
  • Collectivistic: Seen as strong and loyal
  • Individualistic: Seen as passive and foolish
86
Q

What do the Batek in Malaysia believe about engaging in acts of violence?

A

Engaging in violence is a threat to the natural cosmic order and will result in consequences from the gods

87
Q

What does the “honour culture” in South America promote?

A

Aggressive acts to protect one’s self and defend one’s honour

88
Q

When faced with a situation that causes social anxiety, how are American Southerners likely to react?

A

Aggressively

89
Q

What is the cue-arousal theory?

A

A revision of the frustration-aggression hypothesis that emphasizes the role of both anger arousal and situational cues in determining the amount of aggression a person displays

90
Q

Which theory of aggression was proposed by Leonard Berkowitz?

A

The cue-arousal theory

91
Q

T or F: Simple arousal, even if aggressive cues are present, is rarely sufficient for aggressive behaviour to be exhibited.

A

True

92
Q

According to Zillman, what is preappraisal?

A

The recognition of potential danger

93
Q

What do Huesmann and Guerra maintain about aggressive behaviour?

A

That it’s controlled to a great extent by cognitive schemas about aggression formed through early childhood experiences

PSYC*2310 (6 decks)

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