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ERTH 2415 > PSYC 2307 > Flashcards

PSYC 2307 Flashcards

1
Q

list the cranial nerves

A 
olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
auditory
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal
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2
Q

Eukaryotes: what makes the the transport of ions and small molecules possible?

A

selectively permeable plasma membrane.

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3
Q

what are the three main types of neurons

A

sensory : afferent

motor : efferent

interneurons

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4
Q

what are the three ways eukaryotes transport ions across their membrane

A

diffusion

facilitated diffusion

active transportation

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5
Q

describe diffusion

A

movement of ions and molecules form a region of higher ionic concentration to a region of lower ionic concentration

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6
Q

describe facilitated diffusion

A

Proteins embedded in the in the membrane create a gate which molecules can pass through

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7
Q

describe active transport

A

Proteins use the energy of ATP, to pump ions through the plasma against their concentration gradient

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8
Q

what is the (Sodium-Potassium pump)

A

Na+/K+ pumps 3 Na+ ions out and K+ ions in. Resulting in negative charge.

Sodium Potassium pumps use ATP for its energy

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9
Q

how much of our brain do we use in one moment?

A

3-5% because we don’t have enough ATP to power more than that

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10
Q

what is the driving force for neural activity?

A

cellular respiration -> help from astrocyte.

1 glucose oxidized = 32 molecules of ATP

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11
Q

what is the stable voltage of neuron

A

-70 mv (1/20th of a AA battery)

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12
Q

list what it means to be a neurotransmitter

A

1) synthesized in transmitting neuron
2) released by transmitting neuron
3) be able to bind to receptors in receiving neuron
4) be able to be decomposed in the synaptic cleft
5) be able to bind to receptors on presynaptic membrane

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13
Q

signal where the amplitude is proportional to stimulus intensity is a

A

graded potential

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14
Q

signal where the frequency is proportional to stimulus intensity

A

Action potential

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15
Q

where are potentials created?

A

axon hillock

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16
Q

how do you depolarize a neuron increasing production of an action potential

A

add positive ions (excitatory postsynaptic potential)

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17
Q

how do you hyperpolarize a neuron decreasing production of an action potential

A

add negative ions (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

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18
Q

what is the typical threshold for a action potential

A

-55mv

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19
Q

connection speed varies inversely with what?

A

electrical resistance, and electrical capacitance.

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20
Q

what does a large cross-selection area mean?

A

low electrical resistance

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21
Q

what does a myelinated axon mean in respects to electrical capacitance?

A

low electrical capacitance

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22
Q

what is the 6 step process of voltage channels? (after threshold has been passed)

A

1) Na+ channels open -> Na+ enters cell
2) K+ channel opens -> K+ leaves cell
3) Na+ channel closes
4) k+ continues to leave
5) Na+ resets, K channel closes
6) extra K+ diffuse away

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23
Q

what does the absolute refractory period mean?

A

further IPSP’s and EPSP’s have no affect

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24
Q

what is rate law

A

action potentials are identical in amplitude they cannot carry information… what carries information is the frequency of action potentials produced

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25
Q

what are the 4 Neuro Transmitter categories (give an example)

A

Monoamines - Dopamine, Serotonin
Amino acids - GABA
peptide neurotransmitter - somatostatin
gasses - nitric oxide

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26
Q

list the 7 steps in NT action

A

1) NT is synthesized from precursors under influence of enzymes
2) NT are stored in vesicles
3) NT that leak from vesicles are destroyed by enzymes
4) AP cause vesicles to fuse and release their NT
5) released NT bind with auto-receptors and inhibit subsequent release
6) released molecules bind to post synaptic receptors
7) released NT are destroyed or reuptook

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27
Q

what are Ionotropic receptor?

A

a receptor that contains a binding site for NT. When NT attaches a ion channel opens (direct)

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28
Q

what is a metabotropic receptor? and list the steps to the channel opening up

A

a receptor that contains a binding site for NT. when NT attaches it activates a G protein that activates enzyme that activates second messenger that activates a ion channel (indirect)

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29
Q

what is neural integration?

A

process in which IPSP & EPSP sum and control rate of fire.

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30
Q

list the 4 types of sums

A 
no sum
temporal sum (AP)
spatial sum ( 2 ESPS AP)
spatial sum (1 IPSP 1 ESPS GP)
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31
Q

calculate Dynamic range:
maximum AP of 100 spikes/second
resting production level of 5 spikes/s

A

10log(100/5)

10log(production/resting)

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32
Q

define effective dose, toxic dose, lethal dose

A

effective dose -> does that proves effective for 50% of population

toxic dose -> unwanted effects on 50% of population

lethal dose -> 50% of sample die

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33
Q

what type of agent works on sigma and nu receptors to decrease pain?

why type of agent reduces prostagldin synthesis to decrease pain?

A

narcotic analgesic agent = acts on sigma and nu

non-narcotic agent reduces pain by reducing prostagldin synthesis

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34
Q

what can you expect from a cholinergic agent?

A

increases or decreases acetylcholine

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35
Q

adrengic agents do what?

A

promote or suppress beta response in synthetic Nervous system

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36
Q

how does a CNS stimulator work?

A

increase norepinephine increasing impulse transmission

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37
Q

anti-depressents do what?

A

increase norepinephrine and seritoton OR decrease monoamine

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38
Q

anti psychotics do?

A

block dopamine receptors or decrease responsiveness in the medulla

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39
Q

anxiolite dooo

A

increase gaba/ alter response in limbic system

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40
Q

define Agonist

  • > Direct binding

- >Indirect binding

A

Direct Binding -> binds directly to post synaptic receptors

indirect binding -> enhances neurotransmitters by stimulating release of the neurotransmitter

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41
Q

define Antagonist

  • > direct-acting antagonist

- > indirect- acting antagonist

A

direct-acting -> block NT from binding

indirect-acting -> inhibit release or production of NT

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42
Q

list the 5 ways NS can be affected, where the site of action affected is ACH and list the drug that can do that

A

4-Agonist- Black Widow Venom

Stimulates release of NT

inhibits release of NT

stimulates post-synaptic receptors

blocks post-synaptic receptors

drug inactivates ACH

43
Q

list the 3 ways NS can be affected where the Dopamine NT is affected.

A

1-Agonist-DOPA

Drug serves as a precursor

drug inhibits release of NT by stimulating auto receptors

blocks re-uptake

44
Q

list the last 3 ways the brain can be affected

A

3-Antagonist-reserpine->monoamines

prevents storage of NT in vesicles

inhibits synthesis of NT

drug increase synthesis/release pf NT by blocking auto receptors.

45
Q

list and define the 4 basic hormone secretion mechanisms

A

endocrine-> hormones secreted directly into the blood stream

exocrine-> hormones secreted via ducts

paracrine-> hormones diffuse through space near interstitial space near target tissue

pheromone-> hormones broadcast into the environment

46
Q

list the 6 steps of hormone signalling

A

1) biosynthesis of a hormone in a tissue
2) storage and secretion
3) transport
4) recognition of hormone by cell membrane
5) relay and amplification of received signal via transaction or binding
6) breakdown of hormone

47
Q

list the differences between hormones and NT

A

hormones signal over longer distances

hormones signal over large time scales

hormones are much slower

NT are all or none

48
Q

list 3 stages of hormone control

A

step 1 -> activity results in neurohormones being produced in hypothalamus, then enter pituitary gland

step 2-> pituitary gland secretes “releasing” hormones into the circulatory system

step 3 -> circulating hormones act upon various target organs

49
Q

give an example of a steroid hormone, and a peptide. then describe what they do

A

steroid = testosterone

fat-soluble and synthesized from cholesterol. Enter target cells to affect DNA controlling protein

peptide = insulin

bind to metbotropic receptors on cell membrane generating a 2nd messenger

50
Q

define homeostasis

A

Regulate physiological systems (water content in blood, digestion)

51
Q

what does Melatonin do ? when do you create more of it

A

regulates other hormones, keeps circadian rhythm. create more of it when its dark

52
Q

list the function of the following

estrogen
testosterone
progesterone

A

estrogen = responsible for development and regulation of sex organs

testosterone = gender development & expression

progesterone = sex hormone involved in menstrual cycle, and pregnancy

53
Q

what causes stress response

A

secretion of glucocoticoids

54
Q

list the fast and slow responses for stress

A

stimulation of adrenal gland releases epinephrine

pituitary gland releases (ACTH) onto adrenal gland thus releases cortisol (activating endocrine and brain tissue)

55
Q

describe prolonged exposure to stress

A

causes long exposure to hippocampal neurons to cortisol, which in turn causes destruction of hippocampal neurons. this reduces brains ability to shut off cortisol secretion.

56
Q

in vision: what is the ventral stream associated with? dorsal?

A

ventral : associated with object perception and recognition

dorsal: associated with object manipulation and `visually-guided reaching

57
Q

disorders ventral and dorsal stream are called what, (vision)

A

ventral: Agnosias
dorsal: Apraxias

58
Q

list the 3 types of colour agnosia

A

central achromatopsia:
complete loss of colour perception

colour anomia:
inability to name colour

specific-colour aphasia:
verbal questions of colour can’t be answered

59
Q

defects of dorsal stream vision are ?

A

cant find someone in a group

inaccurate reaching

difficulty walking over uneven ground

60
Q

list 3 types of visual agnosia

A

apperceptive agnosia:
can’t develop a complete object

simultagnosia
– can’t perceive more than one object at a time

Associative agnosia:
can’t recognize objects

61
Q

what is prosopagnosia?

A

able to identify facial features, but unable to recognize familiar faces.

62
Q

what are the 3 variants for colour agnosia

A

central achromatopia: complete loss of colour perception: (damage to v4)

colour angomia: inability to name colours

specific colour aphasia: verbal questions of colour cannot be answered

63
Q

describe: conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and central hearing loss

A

conductive hearing loss: conduction of sound to cochlea is damaged

sensorineural hearing loss: transaction of energy to neural response in cochlea is damaged

central hearing loss: coding and interpretation of signals is wrong

64
Q

list 2 symptoms of central hearing loss:

A

unable to localize sounds

auditory agnosia: cannot recognize sounds

65
Q

what factors contribute to benefit of cochlear implant?

A

how long a person has been deaf

motivation to learn and use the implant

number of surviving auditor nerve fibers

66
Q

list FA1 and FA2, and SA1

A

FA1: Meissner (slip, grip)

FA2: Pacinian (fine texture)

SA1: Merkel (pattern)

SA2: (skin stretch)

67
Q

define dermatome:

A

region of skin whose receptors project via dorsal root ganglion to the dorsal horn of spinal cord or cranial nerve

68
Q

what are the 3 receptors of proprioception

A

muscle spindles = sense of muscle length

golgi tendon organs = muscle force

joint receptors = joint angle

69
Q

where are the receptors for the semicircular canal system? and what type of movement does it sense

A

anterior, posterior and lateral semicircular canals - senses rotational acceleration

70
Q

where are the receptors for the Otolithic organ system? and what type of movement does it sense?

A

receptors are in the utricle and saccule,

senses head tilt and linear acceleration

71
Q

what are the 3 types of nociception pain

A

nociceptive pain: caused by damaged tissue (trauma, thermal)

inflammatory pain: caused by secondary reaction to tissue damage. (chemical substances released by damaged tissues activating pain receptors)

neuropathic pain: caused by damage to PNS or CNS

72
Q

where is affective pain? where is discriminative pain?

A

affective: cingulate, amygdala, insula
discriminative: insula, S1, S2

73
Q

what are affective and discriminative pain?

A

2 distinct pathways from the ventral posterior nucleus

74
Q

lateral vpn gets inputs from where

medial vpn gets inputs from where?

A

lateral= from body

medial = from face

75
Q

list the 3 gaps of the blood-brain barrier and give a brief description

A

pituitary gland -> (hypothalamus) receives blood-borne hormones

area postrema -> region that triggers vomiting to blood-borne toxins

pineal gland -> affected by cycling hormones

76
Q

to be smelled a Odorant must be?

A

volatile (float through air)

small

hydrophobic

77
Q

where are olfactory receptors located?

A

nasal cavity , which contains the olfactory cleft, and olfactory epithelium

78
Q

what is the olfactory cleft, and olfactory epithelium.

A

olfactory cleft: a narrow space at the back of the nose into which air flows

epithelium: a secretory mucous membrane who’s primary function is to detect odorants

79
Q

Epithelium: define supporting cells, basal cells, and receptor neurons

A

supporting cells -> provides metabolic and physical support for sensory neurons

basal cells -> precursors cells to olfactory receptors

receptor neurons (ORN) -> 350 different types, located under mucous layer, in skin

80
Q

what is Anosmia?

A

total inability to small, (loss of taste as well) caused by head trauma (dmg to cribriform plate)

81
Q

where is olfactory information processed?

A

in the olfactory bulbs

82
Q

primary olfactory cortex contains?

A

amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus

83
Q

which cortext provides major olfactory info to the hippocampus

A

Entorhinal cortex

84
Q

list the 3 pathways olfactory info can take

A

bulb -> amygdala -> hypothalamus, orbitofrontal cortex

bulb -> piriform cortex -> orbitofrontal cortex

bulb -> entorhinal cortex -> hippocampus

85
Q

what is contained in the Limbic system? and why is the olfaction’s unique?

A

encompassing group of structures that include olfactory cortex, amygdala, piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus…olfaction is unique because of its direct connection

86
Q

what is the function of limbic system?

A

involved in emotion and memory, the unique connection explains why scents are able to evoke emotions

87
Q

how do Odorants stimulate pain?

A

through polymodal nociceptors

88
Q

list the differences between clincical neuropsychologist and neuropsychologist?

A

clinical -> brain behaviour studies applies to diagnoses and rehabilitation,

normal -> study of brain behaviour on humans

89
Q

how do different types of neurons differ?

A

dendritic tree complexity

types of synaptic receptors

types of activating neurotransmitters

physical size

spatial and temporal integration

90
Q

whats the difference between graded potential and action potential

A

graded potential -> signal amplitude proportional to stimulus intensity

action potential -> signal frequency proportional to stimulus intensity

91
Q

list 5 things something needs to be a neurotransmitter.

A

1) synthesized in transmitting neuron
2) be released by transmitting neuron
3) be able to bind to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron
4) be able to be decomposed in the cleft
5) be able to bind on the pre-synaptic membrane

92
Q

define Astrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymal cells

A

Astrocytes -> star shaped, most abundant in the brain, regulate transmission of electrical impulses

Microglia -> 10-15%, first and main form of active immune system defense in CNS, macrophage eats foreign substances

Ependymal Cells -> makes and secretes CSF and pump it into ventricles

93
Q

what’s the difference between Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

A

Oligodendrocytes -> wraps many axons, located and creates myelin in CNS, dies forever

Schwann cells -> wraps few cells, regenerates if damaged, located and creates myelin in PNS

94
Q

what is a subdural hematoma ?

A

bleeding between dura mater and arachnoid space. 50-90% of people with acute subdural hematoma die.

symptoms -> headache, inability to speak

95
Q

epidural hematoma?

A

bleeding of the meningeal arteries, between dura mater and skull.

96
Q

define neocortex (forebrain)

A

expanded most during evolution

comprises 80% of brain

97
Q

define basal ganglia (forebrain)

A

subcoritcal forebrain structure, collection of nuclei in

putamen

globus pallidus

caudate nucleus

98
Q

list whats in the limbic system (forebrain) (interconnected structures in the telecephalon and diencephalon)

A

amygdala -> emotion/behaviour

hippocampus -> memory, navagation

cingulate cortex -> learning, memory, pain

thalamus -> relay for bridging cortex and spinal cord

connected to hippocampus, controls sleep and awake cycles

99
Q

what is the bell-magendie law?

A

SAME - Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent

DAVE - Dorsal Afferent, Motor Efferent

100
Q

what are the two thickenings in the spinal cord?

A

cervical enlargement (innervates upper limbs)

lumbar enlargement (innervate lower limbs)

101
Q

what are Central pattern generators?

A

relieve some higher structures in the brain from performing calculations for simple tasks (walking)

have a cycle

102
Q

list how myelination progresses?

A

central -> peripheral

caudal -> rostral

dorsal -> ventral

sensory -> motor

103
Q

list the last 3 areas of the brain to fully myelinate

A

anterior cingulate cortex -> rational cognitive function

inferior temporal cortex -> perception meets memory

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex -> executive functions

ERTH 2415 (6 decks)

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