PSYC 13

Question 1

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Answer 1

Social Psychology

Question 2

The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

Answer 2

Attribution Theory

Question 3

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Answer 3

Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 4

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Answer 4

Attitude

Question 5

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

Answer 5

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Question 6

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Answer 6

Central Route Persuasion

Question 7

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Answer 7

Foot-In-The-Door Phenomenon

Question 8

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Answer 8

Role

Question 9

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

Answer 9

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Question 10

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Answer 10

Culture

Question 11

An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior.

Answer 11

Norm

Question 12

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Answer 12

Conformity

Question 13

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Answer 13

Normative Social Influence

Question 14

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

Answer 14

Informational Social Influence

Question 15

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Answer 15

Social Facilitation

Question 16

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Answer 16

Social Loafing

Question 17

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Answer 17

Deindividuation

Question 18

The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

Answer 18

Group Polarization

Question 19

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Answer 19

Groupthink

Question 20

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Answer 20

Prejudice

Question 21

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

Answer 21

Stereotype

Question 22

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

Answer 22

Discrimination

Question 23

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Answer 23

Just-World Phenomenon

Question 24

“Us” - people with whom we share a common identity.

Answer 24

Ingroup

Question 25

“Them” - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

Answer 25

Outgroup

Question 26

The tendency to favor our own group.

Answer 26

Ingroup Bias

Question 27

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Answer 27

Scapegoat Theory

Question 28

Th tendency to recall faces of one’s own race ore accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.

Answer 28

Other-Race Effect

Question 29

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

Answer 29

Aggression

Question 30

The principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Answer 30

Frustration-Aggression Principle

Question 31

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

Answer 31

Social Script

Question 32

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

Answer 32

Mere Exposure Effect

Question 33

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

Answer 33

Passionate Love

Question 34

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Answer 34

Companionate Love

Question 35

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Answer 35

Equity

Question 36

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

Answer 36

Self-Disclosure

Question 37

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Answer 37

Altruism

Question 38

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Answer 38

Bystander Effect

Question 39

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Answer 39

Social Exchange Theory

Question 40

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Answer 40

Reciprocity Norm

Question 41

An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.

Answer 41

Social-Responsible Norm

Question 42

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Answer 42

Conflict

Question 43

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Answer 43

Social Trap

Question 44

Mutual vies often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

Answer 44

Mirror-Image Perceptions

Question 45

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Answer 45

Superordinate Goals

Question 46

Graduated and Reciprocated initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.

Answer 46

GRIT