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PSYC 001 > PSYC 001 Chapter 7: Memory > Flashcards

PSYC 001 Chapter 7: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

The nervous system’s capacity
to retain and retrieve skills and
knowledge.

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2
Q

What is encoding?

A

The processing of information so that it can be stored.

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3
Q

What is storage?

A

The retention of encoded

representations over time.

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4
Q

What is consolidation?

A

The neural process by which encoded information becomes stored in memory

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5
Q

What is retrieval?

A

The act of recalling or remembering stored information when it is needed.

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6
Q

What are the steps in the process of memory?

A

Encoding –> Storage (consolidation) –> Retrieval

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7
Q

What is reconsolidation?

A

Neural processes involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for retrieval.

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8
Q

What is equipotentiality?

A

Memory is distributed throughout the brain rather than confined to any specific location.

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9
Q

True or False: Memory involves the creation of new neural circuits

A

True

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10
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

Strengthening a synaptic connection such that the postsynaptic neurons are more easily activated by presynaptic neurons.

LTP changes the postsynaptic neuron so that it is more easily activated by the presynaptic neuron.

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11
Q

What is the NMDA receptor?

A

It is a glutamate receptor on the postsynaptic neuron that increases under LTP. Better NMDA leads to better memory/learning.

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12
Q

What are epigenetics?

A

the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.

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13
Q

What is the HDAC enzyme?

A

It’s an enzyme that inhibits gene expression. Blocking HDAC leads to increased memory and LTP.

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14
Q

What is engram?

A

Lashley’s term for the physical site of memory storage.

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15
Q

Which portion of the brain is responsible for the formation of new memories?

A

Medial temporal lobes

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16
Q

Does memory storage occur in the medial temporal lobes?

A

No it occurs in other brain regions involved with the perception, processing and analysis of the learned material.

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17
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

A memory system that very briefly stores sensory information in close to its original sensory form.

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18
Q

What is visual sensory memory called?

A

Iconic memory

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19
Q

What is auditory sensory memory called?

A

Echoic memory

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20
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

A memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness.

An active processing unit that deals with multiple types of information.

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21
Q

What is working memory?

A

An active processing system that keeps different types of information available for current use.

For example, working memory includes sounds, images, and ideas.

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22
Q

What is chunking?

A

Organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember.

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23
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

The relatively permanent storage of information. Nearly limitless.

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24
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

The idea that the ability to recall items from a list depends on the order of presentation, with items presented early or late in the list remembered better than those in the middle

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25
Q

How is long-term memory different from working memory?

A

(1) Longer duration

(2) Greater capacity

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26
Q

What is the primacy effect?

A

A subset of the serial position effect = the better memory people have for items at the beginning of the list.

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27
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

A subset of the serial position effect. Describes the better memory people have for the most recent items.

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28
Q

Why is there a serial position effect?

A

Distinction between working and long-term memory. People rehearse the earliest items shown the most, therefore transferring it to long-term memory. The last few items are still in working memory when asked to recall them.

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29
Q

Why and how is information transferred from working to long-term memory?

A

Information is transferred from working memory to long-term memory if it is repeatedly
rehearsed, if people pay attention to the details, or if it aids adaptation to an environment.

30
Q

Levels of processing model

A

The more an item is encoded, the more meaning it has and the better it is remembered.

31
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

Simply repeating the item over and over.

32
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

Encodes the information in more meaningful ways, such as thinking about the item conceptually, or deciding whether it refers to oneself.

33
Q

What is a schema?

A

Cognitive structures in long-term memory that allow us to organize, process and use information.

e.g. the way in which we predict/navigate grocery stores.

34
Q

What is a network of association?

A

An item’s distinctive features are linked so as to identify the item.

35
Q

What is each unit of information in a network of association called?

A

A node

36
Q

Spreading activation models of memory

A

stimuli in working memory activate specific nodes in long-term memory. This activation increases the ease of access to that material and thus makes retrieval easier

37
Q

What is a retrieval cue?

A

Anything that helps a person (or a nonhuman animal) recall information stored in long-term memory

38
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

The idea that any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory for the experience

39
Q

What is context-dependent-memory?

A

The kind of memory enhancement when the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation.

40
Q

What is state-dependent-memory?

A

Memories can be enhanced when a person’s internal states match during encoding and recall.

41
Q

What are mnemonnics?

A

Learning aids or strategics that use retrieval cues to improve recall.

42
Q

What is the method of loci or memory palace?

A

It is a mnemonic consisting of associating items you want to remember with physical locations.

43
Q

What is explicit memory (declarative)?

A

The system underlying conscious memories.

Requires conscious effort and often can be verbally described.

(1) Episodic Memory
(2) Semantic memory

44
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Facts and knowledge

45
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Personally experienced events

46
Q

What is implicit memory (nondeclarative)?

A

The system underlying unconscious
memories.

Does not require conscious effort and often cannot be verbally described.

(1) Classical conditioning
(2) Procedural memory

47
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Associating two stimuli elicits a response.

48
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Motor skills and habits.

49
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

The cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory. Knowledge that can be declared.

50
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

Remembering to do something at some future time.

51
Q

What are the seven sins of memory?

A

(1) Transience
(2) Blocking
(3) Absentmindedness
(4) Persistence
(5) Misattribution
(6) Bias
(7) Suggestibility

52
Q

What is transience?

A

Type: Forgetting.
Reduced memory over time.
Competing information displaces the information we are trying to retrieve.

53
Q

What is blocking?

A

Type: Forgetting

Inability to remember needed information. A retrieval failure.

54
Q

What is absentmindedness?

A

Type: Forgetting

Reduced memory due to failing to pay attention. An encoding failure.

55
Q

What is persistence?

A

Type: Remembering

The resurgence of unwanted or disturbing memories one would like to forget.

56
Q

What is misattribution?

A

Type: Distortion

Assigning a memory to the wrong source.

57
Q

What is bias?

A

Type: Distortion

Influence of current knowledge on memory for past events.

58
Q

What is suggestibility?

A

Type: Distortion

Altering a memory because of misleading information.

59
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

Interference that occurs when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information.

60
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

Interference that occurs when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information.

61
Q

What is amnesia?

A

A deficit in long-term memory resulting from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma in which the individual loses the ability to retrieve vast quantities of information

62
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

A condition in which people lose past memories, such as memories for events, facts, people, or even personal
information

63
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

A condition in which people lose the ability to form new memories.

64
Q

What is memory bias?

A

The changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs or attitudes.

65
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

Vivid episodic memories for the circumstances in which people first learned of a surprising, consequential,
or emotionally arousing event

66
Q

What is the von Restorff effect?

A

A distinctive event may be recalled more easily than a trivial event even if the resulting memory is inaccurate.

67
Q

What is source misattribution?

A

Memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved
with a memory

68
Q

What is source amnesia?

A

A type of misattribution that occurs when a person shows memory for an event but cannot remember where he
or she encountered the information.

69
Q

What is cryptomnesia

A

A type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he or she has come up with a new idea, yet has only
retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source.

70
Q

Is there a convincing scientific consensus on repressed memories?

A

No there is not because there is a chance of suggestibility distorting memories.

PSYC 001 (4 decks)

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