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PSYC 001 > PSYC 001 Chapter 6: Learning > Flashcards

PSYC 001 Chapter 6: Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience. Learning occurs when an animal benefits from experience so that its behavior is better adapted to the environment.

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2
Q

What is nonassociative learning?

A

Responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus, or event.

repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event. I.e. getting used to the sounds of trains. Response to something in the environment and change in response to stimulus

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3
Q

What is associative learning?

A

understanding how events or stimuli are related - linking 2 events that in general takes place right after one another. Associations develop through conditioning

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4
Q

What is conditioning?

A

process in which environmental stimuli and behavioural responses become connected

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5
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Learning by watching how others behave.

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6
Q

What is habituation?

A

When our behavioral response to a stimulus decreases.

If something is
neither rewarding nor harmful, habituation leads us to ignore it. You can still perceive the stimulus.

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7
Q

What is sensitization?

A

When our behavioral response to a stimulus increases.

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8
Q

What is dishabituation?

A

Increase in response because of a change in something familiar.

e.g. This process is important in the animal world. For instance, birds might stop singing when they detect a predator, such as a hawk.

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9
Q

What activity at the synapse leads to non-associative learning for habituation?

A

Reduction in neurotransmitter release.

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10
Q

What activity at the synapse leads to non-associative learning for sensitization?

A

Increase in release of neurotransmitters.

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11
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

When we learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus.

neural stimulus elicits a response because it has become associated with a stimulus that already produces that response. Learn that one event predicts another

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12
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

When we learn that a behavior leads to a certain outcome.

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13
Q

What is a conditioned trail

A

the pairing of the two stimuli then come test trials.

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14
Q

What are the four key types of responses & stimuli (two of each)

A

Unconditioned response
Unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
Conditioned stimulus

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15
Q

What is acquisition?

A

the formation of an association between a CS and US

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16
Q

What is contiguity?

A

critical element of acquisition is stimuli occurring together in time.

Strongest connection formed when a brief delay with CS first then US. ie scary music is a predictor of terror.

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17
Q

What is second-order conditioning?

A

sometimes a conditioned stimulus does not become directly associated with an unconditioned stimulus. Instead, the conditioned stimulus becomes associated with other conditioned stimuli that are already associated with the unconditioned stimulus. (e.g. value of money)

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18
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

occurs when stimuli similar but not identical to the CS produce the CR.

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19
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

animals learn to differentiate between 2 stimuli if one is consistently associated with the US and the other is not. Ie poisonous plants

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20
Q

What is extinction?

A

the CR response is extinguished when the CR no longer predicts the US. Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the CR.

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21
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

the extinguished CS again produces CR, fades quickly unless CS again associated with US. even a single pairing will do.

Extinction Replaces but does not eliminate associative bond

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22
Q

What is a conditioned taste aversion?

A

Certain pairings more likely to be associated than others. Ie food and sickness. Association occurs even though food and sickness not contiguous - easy to produce with food not so with light and sound.

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23
Q

What is biological preparedness?

A

The psychologist Martin Seligman (1970) has argued that animals are genetically programmed to fear specific objects. Ie monkeys can be trained to fear snakes but not flowers. People more easily associate aversive stimuli with out group members - predisposed to wariness of outgroup members.

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24
Q

What is the Rescorla-Wagner model?

A

states that an animal learns an expectation that some predictors (potential CS’s) are better than others. Learning is determined by extent to which US is unexpected or surprising.

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25
Q

What is a prediction error?

A

A difference between the expected and actual outcomes.

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26
Q

What is a positive prediction error?

A

strengthens association between CS and US as something better than expected occured.

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27
Q

What is a negative prediction error?

A

weakens CS-US association as expected good thing didn’t happen.

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28
Q

What is the role of dopamine?

A

thirsty monkeys conditioned with a light produced dopamine in response to light but not juice - they learned light predicted juice and juice was no longer a surprise - less prediction error =less dopamine.

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29
Q

What is a phobia?

A

an acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat of an object or of a situation.

30
Q

What is fear conditioning?

A

animals can be classically conditioned to fear neutral objects

31
Q

What is a freezing response?

A

When you freeze in response to fear.

32
Q

What is counter conditioning?

A

For instance, when a person is suffering from a phobia, a clinician might expose the patient
to small doses of the feared stimulus while having the client engage in an enjoyable task.

33
Q

What is conditioning for drug addiction?

A

Conditioned drug effects are common and demonstrate conditioning’s power. For example, the smell of coffee can become a conditioned stimulus (CS).

e.g. relapse of addicts who return to the environment they came from.

34
Q

What is operant/instrumental conditioning?

A

Operant conditioning is the learning process in which an action’s consequences determine the likelihood of that action being repeated.

35
Q

What is the Law If Effect?

A

A learning process in which the consequences of an action determine
the likelihood that it will be performed in the future

36
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs” is likely to occur again. Any behavior that leads to an “annoying state of affairs” is less likely to occur again.

37
Q

What effect does reinforcement have on behavior?

A

It increases the behavior.

38
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

A stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the
response will be repeated.

39
Q

What is a Skinner box?

A

To assess operant conditioning, Skinner developed a simple
device. It consists of a small chamber or cage. Inside, one lever or response key is
connected to a food supply, and a second lever or response key is connected to a water
supply. An animal, usually a rat or pigeon, is placed in the chamber or cage. The animal
learns to press one lever or key to receive food, the other lever or key to receive water.

40
Q

What is shaping?

A

consists of reinforcing behaviours that are increasingly similar to the desired behaviour - ie initially reward a dog for getting close to the trick you want.

Once this interim behaviour is established you get more selective and animals learn to discriminate which behaviour is being reinforced.

41
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

A reinforcer that satisfies necessities and biological needs.

42
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A

A reinforcer that does not satisfy needs.

43
Q

What is reinforcer potency?

A

According to Premack, it’s the value of a reinforcer. The amount of time a free person willingly engages in specific behavior associated with the reinforcer.

44
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

The administration of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior’s
being repeated.
–> key something is being ADDED.

45
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus

to increase the probability of a behavior’s being repeated.

46
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs.

47
Q

What is partial reinforcement?

A

A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently

48
Q

What is a ratio schedule?

A

A ratio schedule is based on the number of times the behavior occurs, as when
a behavior is reinforced on every third or tenth occurrence. (aka. quantity of occurrence)

49
Q

What is an interval schedule?

A

based on a specific unit of time, as when a behavior is reinforced when it is performed every minute or hour.

50
Q

What are the two ways that partial reinforcement can be implemented?

A

Fixed schedule OR less predictable variable schedule.

51
Q

What is a fixed interval schedule?

A

occurs when reinforcement is provided after a certain amount of time has passed.

52
Q

What is a fixed ratio schedule?

A

occurs when reinforcement is provided after a certain number of responses have been
made.

53
Q

What is a variable interval schedule?

A

occurs when reinforcement is provided after the passage of time, but the time is not regular.

54
Q

What is a variable ratio schedule?

A

occurs when reinforcement is provided after an unpredictable number of responses.

VR schedules lead to high rates of responding that last over time because you know that eventually there will be a payoff for responding

55
Q

What is partial-reinforcement extinction effect?

A

The greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than
under continuous reinforcement.

56
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

The administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior’s recurring.

57
Q

What is a negative punishment?

A

The removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior’s recurring.

58
Q

Describe the matrix between Reinforcement Type and Response Rate

A

(1) Positive Reinforcement –> Increases response rate.
(2) Positive Punishment –> Decreases response rate
(3) Negative Reinforcement –> Increases response rate
(4) Negative punishment –> Decreases response rate.

59
Q

What is behavior modification?

A

the use of operant-conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones.

60
Q

What is a biological constraint?

A

animals have a hard time learning behaviors that run counter to their evolutionary adaptation

61
Q

What is the acquisition/performance distinction?

A

learning can take place without reinforcement.

62
Q

What is latent learning?

A

refers to learning that takes place without reinforcement. (e.g. observation)

63
Q

What is insight learning?

A

solution suddenly emerges after either a period of inaction or contemplation of the problem.

64
Q

What is the link between dopamine and reinforcement?

A

The key link is in prediction errors. When there is a positive prediction error, you increase dopamine activity. When there is a negative prediction error, dopamine activity decreases.

65
Q

What are Bandura’s observational studies?

A

The most influential work on observational learning was conducted in the 1960s by the psychologist Albert Bandura. In a now-classic series of studies, Bandura divided preschool children into two groups. One group watched a film of an adult playing quietly with a large inflatable doll called
Bobo. The other group watched a film of the adult attacking Bobo furiously: whacking the doll with a mallet, punching it in the nose, and kicking it around the room. When
the children were later allowed to play with a number of toys, including the Bobo doll, those who had seen the more aggressive display were more than twice as likely to act aggressively toward the doll

66
Q

What is modeling?

A

The imitation of observed behavior.

67
Q

What is vicarious learning?

A

Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action.

68
Q

What are the two types of observational learning?

A

Modeling and Vicarious learning.

69
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

Contributes to the social learning of fear.

70
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Neurons in the brain that are activated when one observes another individual engage in an action and when one performs a similar action.

71
Q

In class, we discussed three applications of classical conditioning: what were they?

A

(1) Advertising
(2) Fears and Phobias
(3) Un-acquisition of fears

72
Q

In class, we discussed four applications of operant conditioning: what were they?

A

(1) Animal training
(2) Parenting practices
(3) Therapy
(4) Education

PSYC 001 (4 decks)

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