PSY2004 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 8

Question 1

when do children start saying first words?

Answer 1

around first birthday (10-15months)

Question 2

what can children’s language ability age 4-5 predict, and relate to SES

Answer 2

later educational outcomes
likelihood of passing GCSE maths, English, science related to SES

Question 3

how does Bronfenbrenner describe ecological environment

Answer 3

as a set of nested structures

Question 4

outline Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory

Answer 4

ecology study of interactions among organisms and their environment, includes different levels of environmental influence (parent-child relationship does not exist in social vacuum)
mutual accomodation between infant and changing properties in their environment

Question 5

what are the 4 layers of Bronfenbrenners ecological theory

Answer 5

mesosystem (classroom, family, peer group, religious setting)
microsystem
exosystem (school system, community, mass media, medical institutions)
macrosystem (political philosophy, national customs, social conditions, economic pattern, cultural values)

Question 6

what are social gradients

Answer 6

something that we are studying, ie language, is going up as measure of SES is also going up
suggest SES influential for language development

Question 7

define hourglass economy

Answer 7

lots of lower-grade jobs, less middle-grade, and lots of high-grade jobs

Question 8

what to do about social inequalities in language

Answer 8

identify most plausible, feasible, acceptable opportunities for change: qualitative work, correlation studies, lab-based experiments to check mechanisms, pilot interventions
testing causal relation with child outcome = effifcacy, effectiveness, meta analysis

Question 9

who was involved in BBC tiny happy people

Answer 9

bottom half of SES-spectrum, monolingual children allocated to either language or physical-health advice intervention

Question 10

what did BBC tiny happy people entail

Answer 10

digital video delivering goals and advice
surveys with word list, caregiver makes video
90% did survey, 30% took videos

Question 11

outline role of PaRRiS in BBC tiny happy people

Answer 11

rate 1-5 how linguistically responsive caregiver is to infant
found singnif effects for condition
caregiver in intervention 2.5x more likely to have higher PaRRiS scores than control

Question 11

BBC tiny happy people - outline frequencies for prelinguistic communicative acts on home video 12months

Answer 11

more communicative act (gesture, index finger-point gesture, gaze-coordinated vocalisations) in infants who received intervention

Question 12

BBC tiny happy people - for 12 and 24 months, compare caregiver education impacts

Answer 12

caregiver with degree engages more contingent talk than without degree at 12month, but intervention evens out gap (same result regardless of degree)
at 24month, intervention increases response

Question 12

BBC tiny happy people - what was caregiver reported vocabulary at 17, 24 months

Answer 12

parents reported language exact same in intervention/control

Question 13

BBC tiny happy people - outline results of qualitative analysis of focus group

Answer 13

many parents talked about how videos provided reassurance, helped to build confidence
convenient short video and accessible ideas
busy schedule (quick and low-pressure service)
importance of receiving same videos as other parent, ability to quiery with the team

Question 14

BBC tiny happy people - outline suggestions for improvement and barrier to engagement

Answer 14

send to both parent, and more relevant to each child individual progression (espec delay or difference)
video covered things already done in family
although aimed to not include child with a dev condition, some condition only apparent at 12months so raised concern (want support, became upset)
lack of time, forgetting commonly a barrier to engagement

Question 15

BBC tiny happy people - study 2 future steps of a toddler phase pilot, what does this set to entail?

Answer 15

new content for toddler age range
optional SLT sessions
option to send text to different caregiver
outcome measures collected at family home by researcher
further developments = multilingual, SEND

Question 16

what can threshold effect result in, in language interventions

Answer 16

higher SES caregiver may already use contingent talk, so increasing not actually help, just bring up other families to the baseline

Question 17

in conclusion, what is the impact of SES in first yr of life

Answer 17

low SES hear lower contingent talk, but this is open to change through low-intensity intervention