PSY2004 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 10 READING

Question 1

name 2 key stages in human evolutionary development of cooperations

Answer 1

1. adaptation to allow dyadic cooperation (joint intentionality)
2. adaptation to cooperate in larger culture (collective intentionality)

Question 2

what kind of cognitions are apes able to make

Answer 2

causal inference (thinking), cognitively representing problem, using available tools, understand others as intentional agents, use this to predict their behaviours, but DO NOT have human-like shared intentionalities

Question 3

what are ape relationships based on?

Answer 3

cooperation, dominance, with reciprocal help of grooming, sharing food, sympathy for kin

Question 4

what kind of coordination/collaboration are found in apes

Answer 4

individualistic coordination= use other as social tool to maximise own gain
basic skills of collaboration but not working together toward goal

Question 5

outline executive regulation in apes

Answer 5

self monitor own actions, thinking, makes decision based on assessing what they did/didn’t know
cannot monitor their own action, thinking, based on others perspectives/evaluations

Question 6

what is a joint agent

Answer 6

2 individuals who have joint goal, structured by joint attention, each of whom has at same time own individual goal (dual-level structure - simultaneous sharedness and individuality)

Question 7

what is important in choosing those with whom to develop joint goals

Answer 7

avoiding socially/moral uncooperativeness

Question 8

define second-person morality

Answer 8

tendency to relate to others, face to face, with heightened sense of sympathy, for a potential partner and sense of fairness based on genuine assessment of both self and other as equally deserving partners in collaborative enterprise

Question 9

what 3 adaptations does ontogenetic hypothesis include to form base of human psychological development

Answer 9

great ape individual intentionality
early human joint intentionalities
modern human collective intentionality

Question 10

at what age do skills, motivations of joint intentionality emerge

Answer 10

9 months

Question 11

at what age do skills, motivations of collaborative intentionality emerge

Answer 11

3 years

Question 12

what do skills, motivations of collaborative intentionality include

Answer 12

understanding of convention, impartial sense of fairness

Question 13

summarise what human ontogeny means

Answer 13

over our evolution, ontogenetic pathways can change in content, timing, plasticity to adapt to our specific environment, but are adaptive only at particular developmental periods then disappears

Question 14

what are deffered adaptations

Answer 14

important for success of reproducing adults, and emerges during childhood

Question 15

how is Evo-Devo epigenetic

Answer 15

not focusing on genes but gene expression as it manifests in ontogenetic processes transacting with environments and with one another, creating phenotype

Question 16

what is transactional causality

Answer 16

maturational capacities create possibility of new kinds of experiences and learning then those learning experiences are proximate causes of development

Question 17

what is representational redescription

Answer 17

child attempts to find coherence and consistency in understanding how things work by redescribing them on ever more abstract executive levels

Question 18

what is individual self-regulation of unique content

Answer 18

child is confronted with conflicting perspectives on same thing, solution is to reconceptualise to coordinate different perspectives

Question 19

what is social self-regulation

Answer 19

individual appropriates perspective/values of other to use as standard in self-regulatory process, taking different forms such as behaving different when being watched by a peer changing action to facilitate a listener, or a child internalising an adults instruction to voluntarily direct own attention and actions

Question 20

what is normative self-governance

Answer 20

similar to social self-regulation but is more generalised and more authoritative and involves regulating thought and action by how efficacious they will be, how it will affect another and also by how it will fit into norms of social groups