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PYS2002 > PSY2002 W8 Cognitive Control > Flashcards

PSY2002 W8 Cognitive Control Flashcards

Inhibition and the race model of stopping

1
Q

What is behavioural inhibition?

A

stopping actions

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2
Q

What is cognitive inhibition?

A

stopping mental processes

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3
Q

What is reaction time and how is it used?

A

RT is the time between the onset of the stimulus (e.g. the green square) and the onset of your response (clap) is here the reaction time. RT vary across different individual, very across diferent repeitions (trials).

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4
Q

What is stop-signal task?

A

2 trials types: Go and Stop. They are mixed randomly, so that the stop-signal cnanot be predicted.
There are many different variants of stop-signal task using different types of stimuli, responses, and trial types. One key parameter is the Stop-Signal Delay, time between the Go and Stop signal.

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5
Q

How is stop-signal task cna be used to asses inhibitory control?

A

Stop-signal task: behavioural tasks, commonly used to study inhibitory control. Behavioural data in the stop-signal task.

Basic measures: reaction time (Go trials and Failed stop trials). Nb of correct/error trails. Problem waiting strategies: never clap 100% success rate on correct stops.

Advance measure: inhibition functions, stop-signal reaction times, probability of motor response based on stop signal delay.

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6
Q

What is race model of stopping?

A

Stopping can be modelled as a race between two different types processes: Go process (response) and Stop process (inhibition). The process that reaches the threshold first determines behaviour.
- Go wins: a response happens (ie failure to stop)
- Stop wins: no response happens (ie successful stop)

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7
Q

What is the difference between reactive adn proactive inhibition?

A

Reactive inhibition: how quickmly participannts can react to the stop signal ( measured by the SSRT)

Proactive inhibition: ability to adjust behaviour in anticipation of potentially having to inhibit a response. “Being prepared to stop”. Evidence that proactive control involves increasing response thresholds

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8
Q

What are the implications of impaired inhibition in clinical examples?

A

Parkinson Disorder, ALcohol dependence, methamphetamine abuse, cocaine abuse

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9
Q

What have studies found about the race model of go-stop race?

A

Some studies have found evidence that there is a lot of variability in the (slope of the) Go process, but not so much in the Stop process

This means that:
Stopping fails for steep Go process slopes (ie fast Go reaction times)

Stopping succeeds for small Go process slopes (ie slow Go reaction times)

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10
Q

What are some hiegh-order/insight realted cognitive abilities?

A
  • Object permanence
  • Self recognition
  • Mental time travel
  • Theory of mind
  • Tool use / causal reasoning
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11
Q

What are some core/basic cognitive abilities?

A

WM, inhibiotry contorl, flexibility

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12
Q

Why is inhibition important in Psychology?

A

fundamental concept to describe behaviour, decision making, cognitive processes. It’s important tool, relates to many areas such a clinical and developmental psychology and neuroscience. Relates to artificial intelligence adn robotics.

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13
Q

What is a task used to measure deferred gratifiction?

A

marshmallow test

deay discounting, probability discounting, effort discounting

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14
Q

What is response inhibition?

A

Not answering the phone while driving Could overlap with delayed gratification.

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15
Q

What is reversal leanring?

A

Wisconsin Card Sorting Task - Updating understanding of rules

discrimination reversal
Rule/strategy reversal

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16
Q

What is cognitive response inhibition?

A

inhibiting unhelpful thoughts. Difficult to quantify and study. Control of movement similar to control of “ideas”

Action postponing (waiting)
Action restraint/witholding (no-go)
Action cancellation (stopping)

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17
Q

What is the current view inhibition and executive function?

A

executive functions require one another so that a combination of attention, inhibition, and flexibility allows complex behaviour

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18
Q

What is impulsivity?

A

The ability to make decisions and act quickly without hesitation can be advantageous in many settings. However, when persistently expressed, impulsive decisions and actions are considered risky, maladaptive and symptomatic of such diverse brain disorders as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug addiction and affective disorders.”

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19
Q

What is impulsivity linked to?

A
  • Linked to addiction, ADHD, mania and other psychiatric disorders (possibly reflecting the different types of inhibitory control)
20
Q

What is used to measure implusivity ?

A

Response inhibition however response inhibition debated only correspond to some types of impulsivity not all.

21
Q

What do we need to specify in the race model of reaction time?

A

the speed (slope of each line)
goal line (threshold)
= model parameters. We can choose these paramter value. We can determine the time when it crossed the threshold.

22
Q

What is the neurophysiology of reaction time varaibility?

A

Neurons in the frontal cortex indicate that reaction times vary due to rate variability in slope of the underlying process! Measuring single neuron recording in frontal eye fields in monkey across multiple trials. Line shows average firing rate of neuron averaged over trials

Time O – Onset of movement (saccade)
Before movement onset – neuron sharply increases firing rate
Firing Rate for when movement begins (threshold)

No Difference in threshold for action. Difference appears to be in the slope of the firing rate increase (process)! This is reflected in the race model – processes racing toward a threshold

23
Q

What are some behavioural tasks involving inhibition?

A

A GO/NoGO task
Stop-signal task

24
Q

What is a Go/NoGo task?

A

In a Go / NoGo task the participant needs to respond to some stimuli (Go stimuli), but not to others (NoGo stimuli). Example: Traffic light is yellow and the changes either to green light (Go stimulus) or red light (NoGo stimulus).

We can measure reaction times and the number correct Go and NoGo trials (Percentage). However, quite an easy task. Quite general in terms of inhibition. Need something more accurate and more specific

25
Q

Shorter Stop-Signal delays make stopping easier; why is that?

A

For short delay – response not yet imminent: Stop-signal delay here is ~200ms. Short stop signal delay - Easier to inhibit

Long delay – closer to action: Stop-signal delay here is ~800ms: Harder to inhibit response. Imminent responses harder to inhibit

26
Q

What is the measure from a stop-signal task ?

A

Stop-Signal Raction time (SSRT)
The SSRT tells us how quickly a participant reacts to the Stop Signal (relates to the standard reaction time measuring how quickly we can respond to a stimulus).

However, for the SSRT the “reaction” consists of inhibiting the behavioural response. This means we cannot directly measure it because when stopping is successful there is not response

27
Q

What is the stop-signal reaction time? (SSRT)

A

Cannot directly measure the stop signal reaction time but we can estimate SSRT!!

Example: A stop-signal reaction time of 100ms:
- means that a participant requires 100ms to make use of the stop-signal
- a response that occurs within 100ms after the stop-signal cannot be stopped
- a response that occurs later than 100ms after the stop-signal can be stopped

We do know when responses occur based on our reaction time distribution!

28
Q

What happens to a stop-signal reaction time with a failed stop ?

A

Reaction times in (empirical) failed stop trials are indeed mostly fast, in line with our consideration from the stop-signal reaction times!

29
Q

What are the components of stopping for SSRT?

A

Stimulus detection, Action Selection & Inhibition.

SSRT used to describe how well and individual can inhibit responses. SSRT common measure in psychological studies on neurological and psychiatric conditions.

30
Q

What is at a disadvantage?

A

Stop process is at a disadvantage and usually it requires a steeper slope to overtake the Go process in time. Once one of the processes reaches the threshold, we could stop the simulation because activity afterwards does no longer matter.

The SSRT is the time needed by the stop process to reach the threshold (analogous to the Go RT). This is actually a main contribution of the computational model, providing the method to estimate the SSRT from behavioural data

31
Q

What does the race model of stopping provide?

A

The model provides a mathematical account connecting reaction times in Go and Stop trials, stop-signal delays, and stopping performance. The model also provided the basis for methods estimating the SSRT

32
Q

What are reaction times?

Race model of stopping

A

also called no-stop-signal reaction time or Go reaction times.

Occur in Go trials (ie trials without a stop-signal)
Occur in Failed Stop trials (ie trials with a Stop signal, but stopping was not successful)

33
Q

What are stop-signal reaction times?

Rcae model fo stopping

A

Stop-Signal Reaction times. Occur in Stop trials. Cannot be directly measured. Can be estimated using behavioural data from many trials

34
Q

Is the model very general?

Race model of stopping

A

Yes, Can be applied to different animals (humans, monkey, rats). Can be applied to different types of stopping (hand, finger, leg movement). Can be applied to different types of stop-signal tasks (stimuli, task structure).

The model is very general because it describes behaviour, but it turns out it may also describe the underlying cognitive and neurobiological processes to some degree!

35
Q

How to measure proactive inhibition using the stop-signal task?

A

Basic idea: manipulate the degree of proactive inhibition exerted by the participants by providing information on the probability of the stop-signal.

Explicit: provide a speicifc cue indicating the posibility of the stop-signal occuring. Trial by trial or block.

Implict: vary probability across blocks.

36
Q

What are the cognitive mechanisms?

A

Proactive control in the Race model

37
Q

What is a trial?

A

A single presentation of a stimulus-response sequence

38
Q

What is a block?

A

consists of several trials; typically has specific parameters (e.g. stop signal probability)

39
Q

What is a session?

A

consists of one or more blocks; different sessions are then usually separated by longer time intervals, often hours or days.

40
Q

What do we need to determine?

A
  • Number of Go trials per block
  • Number of Stop trials per block
  • This yields the percentage of stop trials
  • (number of stop trials / number of stop trials + number of go trials)
41
Q

What are the steps to measuring practive inhibition?

A

Step 1: collect all reaction times from Go trials in Block #1
Step 2: Average them. Let’s call the result Mean(RTBlock#1)
Step 3: Do the same for Block #2, so we get Mean(RTBlock#2).
Step 4: Proactive inhibition score = Mean(RTBlock#2) - Mean(RTBlock#1).

42
Q

What is the proactive adjustment hypoethsis?

A

→Proactive inhibition seems to involve adjustments of the response threshold!

43
Q

How does Impaired stoppig affect PD

A

Death of dopaminergic neurons. Severe motor symptoms (akinesia, bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity). But there are also cognitive symptoms that are less well understood. Dopamine replacement therapy (levodopa), deep brain stimulation.

Stop-signal task comparing stop-signal reaction times in patients with Parkinson’s disease with control group.
Patients tested ON and OFF levodopa medication.
Longer SSRT in patients (ON and OFF) compared to control, but no significant differences between ON and OFF

44
Q

How does alcohol dependence link to aimpaired stopping?

A

Longer SSRTs for alcohol dependence compared to control grouG

45
Q

How does Impaired Stopping relate to methamphetamine abuse?

A

Longer SSRTs for methamphetamine users compared to control groups

46
Q

How does Impaired stopping relate to cocaine abuse?

A

Longer SSRTs for cocaine users compared to control group

PYS2002 (13 decks)

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