PSY2002 W1 Language I - Core Reading Flashcards
An introduction to computational models of speech production
What stages does speech productino involve
Semantic, syntactic, morphological adn phonological
What is a Discrete Models?
Are modules that have seperate parts that do not interact.
What is a Interactive Model?
It is a flexible interactive model, where sections/parts interact with one an other.
Similarities between speaking and writing
Start with planning which then follows by language production. Children usually learn to writer after they have developed spoken-language skills.
Differences between speaing and writing
Written languge: longer/complex construction, laregr vocab, permanent adn have direct access to production.
Speech: time-bound, less planning, direct verbal/non-verbal feedback.
What could be behind the fact that during speech comprehension adn production the same brain areas are activated?
could be due to the same processes are occurring or different processes occur within the same brain area.
What is more cogntiively demanding
Speech prodcution (greater impairment in attentin task) over speech comprehension.
Syntactic priming
tendency for speaker’s utterances to have the same syntactic structure as those they have heard shortly beforehand.
Preformulating
production by speakers of phrases used frequently before it reduce the demands of speech production.
Underspecification
strategy used to reduce processing cost in speech production by using simplified expressions.
Stages in speech production
Semantic, Syntactic, morphological and Phonological level
Word exchange errors
involve word belonging to the same syntactic/grammatical category, errors occur during grammatical encoding.
Sound- exchange errors
involve nearby elements within a phrase, during phonological encoding.
Factors influencing advance planning
slower speakers plan more, more planning before speaker produced simple rather than complex, more planning under low cognitive load.
Flexibility- speach planning - Ferreira and Swets, 2002
No time pressure speakers planned their response, time pressure speakers engaged in limited planning and did additional planning during the speaking.
Spoonerism
speech error in which the initial letter or letters of two words are switched to form two different words.
Freudian
speech error that reveals speakers sexual desires
Semantic substitution errors
occur when the correct word is replaced by one of similar meaning
Morpheme-exchange errors
involve inflectino or suffixes being attached to wrong word
Two factors causing speech errors
Planning processes relating to the targets of articulation.
Articulatory processes specifying the motor movement required to execute this plan.
Perceptual Loop theory (Levelt 1983)
explains error detection by monitoring their utterance. Inner speech (typically occur faster) and over speech ( speaker make use of auditory feedback, the comprehension system detects own speech errors
==> viewed as incorrect
Conflict-based Monitoring theory Nozari 2011
Conflict based account predicts speaker ability to detect their speech errors depends on the quality of their speech production system.
Spreading activatino theory - Delll 1986
Activation of a node (corresponding to a word/concept) in the brain causes some activation to spread to several related nodes or words.
Based on speech errors.
Processes can occur in parallel (at same time) at different levels. Processing is interactive, can be cascade processing.
Mixed-error effect
A form of speech error in which the incorrect word spoken is related to the correct one in terms of both meaning and sound.
Lexical bias effect
the tendency for speech errors to form words rather than non-words.
Strenghts of Dells theory
eplains several speech errors, provides links between speech prodcution adn cognitive activities and flexibility.
Limitation of Dell’s theory
De-emphasises processes involved in construction of a message, does not predict time it can take, less interactive processing when high processing demands
Speech errors belong to 2 categories (Dell)
Anticipatory adn Preservatory
Lemma
abstract words possessing syntactic and semantic features but not phonological ones.
WEAVER++ Model (Levelt et al 1999)
Serial processing, feedforwards system with processing occuring in a strictly fowards direction. Decide meaning, then appropriate sounds to articulate.
Computational Model
WEAVER ++ Model
Serial Processing
One at the time no going backwards
WEAVER Model Levels of speech production
Nodes representing lexical concept [higher level]
Nodes representing lemmas from mental lexicon.
Nodes representing word in terms of morphemes and phonemic segments [lowest]
Lexicalisation
The process of translating a word’s meaning into its sound representation during speech production.
Limitation of WEAVER ++
Processes involved in production a signle word, no focus on sentence production. Interaction between different levels, evidence from speech errors indicates more parallel processing.
Summary of WEAVER ++ =/= Dell
WEAVER ++ Abstract words/lemmas are selected before phonological information about the word is accessed. [more evidence]=/= Dell Phonological processing can start before lemma or word selection is completed.
Short-term memory - Speech
Short term memory, attention, cognitive control play important roles in language processing. “Now or Never” with the limited capacity of short term memory. Chunking reduces processing demands
Aphasia
: severe problems in the comprehension/production of language caused by brain damage.
Wernicke’s aphasia
: A form of aphasia involving fluent speech with many content words missing and impaired comprehension.
Broca’s aphasia
A form of aphasia involving nonfluent speech and grammatical errors. Sentence comprehension is relatively intact.
Anomia
most aphasics suffer from it, it’s the impaired ability to name objects. Levelt (1999) two reasons semantic or phonological level of problem.
Phonological output lexicon
It contains information about the spoken form of words (e.g., number of syllables) and is used in object naming and reading aloud.
Agrammatism
without grammar, speech production lacks grammatical structure and many function words and words ending are omitted and problem with language comprehension.
Jargon aphasia
brain damaged condition, reasonably correct grammatically but severe problems in accessing appropriate words. Deficient self-monitoring (unaware their speech contain errors)
Neologisms
Made up words produced by patients suffering from jargon aphasia.
Four maxims - Grices
Relevance, Quantity, Quality and manner. (Grice’s maxims) Speakers often fail to adhere to them.
Audiance design
: involves speakers tailoring what they say to the specific need and knowledge of their audience. With common ground (shared knowledge)
Prosodic cues
(rhythm, stress and intonation): feature of spoken lanaue that make It easier to work out grammatical strucute and meaning.
Discourse markers
Spoken words and phrases that do not contribute directly to the content of what is being said but still serve various functions (e.g., clarifying the speaker’s intentions).
Directed retrospection
A technique in which individuals (e.g., writers) categorise their immediately preceding thoughts
Key features of writing
Planning (producing ideas/organising), Sentence generation, Revision.
Chenoweth and Hayes (2003):
proposer, translator, transcriber (convert word string into written processed text), Evaluator/reviser.
Dysexecutive agraphia
Severely impaired writing abilities in individuals with damage to the frontal lobes whose central executive functioning is generally impaired.O
Orthographic working memory
A store in which information about the individual letters in a word (and their ordering) is held immediately prior to spelling the word.
Phonological dysgraphia
A condition caused by brain damage in which there is impaired spelling of irregular words but reasonably accurate spelling of regular words and non words cannot.
Orthographic lexicon
Part of long-term memory in which learned word spellings are stored.
Dyslexia
Impaired ability to read not attributable to low intelligence.
Dysgraphia
Impaired ability to write (including spelling).
3 active areas during handwriting
-Intraparietal sulcus and superior parietal lobule
-Superior frontal sulcus
-Posterior cerebellum (motor activity)
Dual Route thoery
understanding the processes involved in spelling. 2 main route: lexical (phonological long-term memory, then access meaning and spelling in orthographic long-term memory) and non-lexical (not involve gaining access to details information it uses rules to convert sounds or phonemes into groups of letters/words). Both routes converge on orthographic working memory.
