PSY1020 - Chap 7 Memory

Question 1

Memory: Standard model

Answer 1

Short term memory
20-30 sec

Long term memory

Must be stored in STM before LTM

Question 2

Memory: Sensory Representations

Answer 2

Information is stored as sensory information.

Sound, feeling, smell, taste, sight

Question 3

Memeory: Verbal Representations

Answer 3

Information is stored as words.

Question 4

Memeory: Short Term Memory

Answer 4

Hold a small amount of information in consciousness for approx 20 - 30 seconds (unles the person makes a deliberate effort to retain the information by repeating over & over).
Has a limited capacity (5-9 items)

Question 5

Information Processing: an evolving model

Answer 5

1. Primary & Secondary Memory
2. Sensory Register - STM - LTM

3a. No longer seen as a serial event. LTM is engage before STM to figure out what information is important.
b. Modules - discrete and inderpendant processing units responsible for different kinds of remembering. These modules operate in parallel.
c. Working Memory & Long Term Memory

Question 6

Sensory Register

Answer 6

Holds information in short term memory for approx half a second afte the information is no longer visible

Question 7

Sensory Register - Iconic Storage

Answer 7

Momentary memory for visual information.

Suprisingly accurate and holds more information that what people are able to report before it fades.

Question 8

Sensory Register - Echoic Storage

Answer 8

Momentary memory for auditory information.

Question 9

STM:

Maintenance Rehearsal

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 9

MR: mental repitition

ER: Activley thinking about the information while repeating it. Creating associations and making an effort to understand it. More useful for long-term memory.

Question 10

Long Term Memory: Retrieval

Answer 10

Involves bringing information back into short term memory.

Question 11

Serial Position Effect

Answer 11

The tendancy to remember information towards the beginning and end of a list.

Question 12

Working Memory

Answer 12

The temporary storage and processing of information that can be used to solve problems, respond to environmental demands or achieve goals.

Consists of Temporary Storage and Mental Control. As well as three memory systems - verbal, Visual & Executive Control.

Question 13

Neurolpsychology of working Memory

Answer 13

• Orchestrated by the prefrontal cortex

Question 14

Chunking

Answer 14

a memory technique that uses knowledge stored inLTM to group information in larger units than single words or digits.
eg- acronyms

Question 15

Varieties of LTM:

Overview

Answer 15

At least 3 differnent types - Habits, general knowledge & memory for specific episodes.

Question 16

LTM: Declarative Memory

Answer 16

Facts or events. (Can be stated or declared)
- Samantic/Generic Memeroy (meaning in words), and
Episodic Memory (memory of events)

Question 17

LTM: Procedural Memory

Answer 17

Knowledge of procedures or skills.

Question 18

Explicit Memory

Answer 18

• Conscious recollection and retrieval of info.

Types: Recall or recognition

Question 19

Implicit memory

Answer 19

Memory that is expressed in bahaviour but does not require conscious recollection (tying a shoelace)

Question 20

Encoding

Answer 20

casting information into a representational form which can be stored and later retrieved.

Question 21

Processing: Levels

Answer 21

Shallow: Structural - focusing on the physical characteristics of the stimulus.

Deeper: Phenomic - focusing on the simple characteristics of the language used to describe it.

Deepest: Samantic - focusing on the meaning of the stimulus.

Question 22

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 22

Ease of retrieveal depends on the way that information is encoded and later retrived.

Question 23

Retrieval Cues

Answer 23

Stimuli or thoughts that can be used to facilitate recollection.

Question 24

Spacing Effect

Answer 24

Spacing study over longer periods of time increases the quantity of information that will be held in LTM.

Question 25

Modes used for Encoding

Answer 25

Storing a memory in multiple reprsentational modes increases the ease at which that information can be retrieved.

Question 26

Mnemonic Devices

Method of Loci

SQ4R Method

Answer 26

Sytematic deviced used to remember information.

Loci: encoding info in relation to a familiar location. Creating detailed mental images of the information to be remembered related to the familiar locations already in your memory.

SQ4R: Scan, Question, Read, Recite, Review, Write.

Question 27

Networks of Association

Answer 27

Ideas that are mentally connected to one another by repeatedly occuring together.

Nodes: each piece of information within a Network of Association.

Question 28

Spreading Activation Theory

Answer 28

Activating one node in a network triggers the activation of closely related nodes.

Question 29

Heirarchial Organisation of Information
Vs
Schemas

Answer 29

HOI: Information is stored like a “filing cabinet”, information is stored by broad category and becomes more detailed as you move deeper.

Schemas: Mental representions of previous experiences that are used in conjuction with general knowledge to make sense of a sitiation.
Schemas can lead to an inaccurate memory of events.

Question 30

Cross-Cultural Memory

Answer 30

Across and within cultures, people tend to remember inforation that is important to them.
shared cultural models also shape the way the people remember. (re-telling of a story)

Question 31

Seven Sins of Memory

Answer 31

1. transience
2. absent-mindedness
3. misattribution
4. suggestibility
5. bias
6. persistence
7. forgetting

Question 32

How long is LTM?

Answer 32

Is the information still there or is it gone?

Are they unavailable or inaccessable?

Question 33

How accurate is LTM?

Answer 33

LTM can be inaccurate due to:

priming, emotional states, schemas

Question 34

Emotional Arousal and Memory

Answer 34

Emtional Arousal leads to flashbulb memories and a better memory of the arousing event.

Question 35

Eyewitness testimony

Answer 35

Is affected by the way that questions are structured and the witness’ schemas.

Witnesses do vary in their susceptability to misremembering.

Question 36

Why do people forget:

Decay Theory
Interference Theory
Motivated Forgetting

Answer 36

Decay Theory: fading memory trace.

Interference Theory: The intereference on similar memories on each other.

Motivated Forgetting: requires active inhibition of the forgotten information which remains available but not accessible.

Question 37

InterferenceTheory:

Proactive Interference
Retroactive Interferance

Answer 37

Proactive Interference: Old information interfer with the retrieval of new information.

Retroactive Interference: New information interferes with the retrieval of old information.

Question 38

Disordered Memories

Anterograde Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 38

Anterograde Amnesia: can not form new memories.

Retrograde Amnesia: can not remember a certain period from the past.