PSY1002 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 9 Flashcards
what is cognition?
prefrontal cortex, basis of intelligent behaviour overriding reflexive habitual response for complex long-term goals. control sensory, memory and motor systems
what does cognitive inhibitions suggest about humans
not simply driven by stimulus-response
explain cognitive flexibility
performing large range of behaviours and tasks, and able to flexibly select to suit different context
explain difference between EF and cognitive control
is used interchangeably but EF more specific components, but cognitive control less clear separation for distinct subcomponents
is EF top-down or bottom-up
top-down, require effort and attention
what are bottom-up processes
stimulus-driven, run on autopilot
what does a good understanding of basic cognitive control abilities allow
higher-order/insight-related abilities. object permanence, self-recognition, mental time travel, theory of mind, took use/casual reasoning
how does EF abilities relate to differing life aspects
mental health (addiction, depression, OCD, ADHD)
physical health (obesity, substance use)
QoL
school (attention, math/English competency)
job success
relationship maintenance
public safety (crime, reckless behaviour, emotional outburst)
define WM
holding info in mind and mentally work with it, interacting with other EF via capacity constraint
what brain area does the WM rely on
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
explain inhibitory control
controlling ones attention, behaviour, thoughts, emotions to override strong internal predisposition/external lure preventing impulsive and habitual thoughts, actions, conditioned response
outline inhibitory attentional control
cocktail party effect, driven by stimulus properties themselves
explain a task to measure IC
go/nogo task, ppts respond to some but not other stimuli
explain how IC is used for self control
moderate behaviour, obey rules, maintaining social norm and use discipline to stay on task despite distractions to achieve long term goals
delayed gratifications
give examples of IC failure
not inhibiting response, social interaction, embarrassing situation, say without thought
what brain area is involved for IC failures
subthalamic nucleus
explain IC and cognitive inhibitions
inhibiting unwanted upsetting thought, rules that no longer applies
hard to measure but can assess behavioural inhibition and generalise to cognitive inhibition
outline how IC responses are measured
impulsive incorrect response take less time to reach threshold, correct responses take longer
succesfully inhibiting incorrect response to allow time for correct responses to reach threshold involved frontal lobe, basal ganglia
what is difference inbetween direct or competitive inhibition
direct = don’t do it
competitive = many action compete, inhibit each other
explain utilisation behaviours (IC)
trying to drink from empty glass
explain IC as individuals age
declines with age = poor performance in inhibiting visual/auditory distractions
describe action slip
intend to do one thing, but do something else (eg; dialling old phone numbers)
define cognitive flexibility
changing perspectives/approaches to problem, flexibly adjusting to new demands, rules or priorities
how can cognitive flexibility allow changing pattern of behaviours
adapt to new opportunity, admit your wrong
what does CF rely on
inhibition of old info, load new info into WM
what is design fluency? (CF)
how many uses can you think of for an object = think flexibly, outside box, adapting to changing rules, WM has to keep track of past suggestion
what test can you use for studying CF
Wisconsin Card sorting test
what does Wisconsin card task require
changing perspective and inhibit previous perspectives to input new perspective into WM
explain Wisconsin Card sorting test
draw card, assigned to category to match colour, number, symbol
receive feedback on if correct, keep assigning
change rules without announcing and need to change behaviour, mesaure reaction time
give practical applications for Wisconsin Card sorting test
examines cognitive impairment in patient with neurological damage/psychological disorder (frontal lobe, sz, stroke, OCD)
but damage is specific to patient and may not impact CF
how can WM interact with IC
goal maintenance (know what to do or not)
inhibiting environmental/internal distraction to keep focused on important WM content
what is IC split into
interference control, response inhibition
what is interference control (IC)
inhibition of thoughts, memories (cognitive inhibition), or inhibition at level of selective/focused attention
what is response inhibition (IC)
inhibition at level of behaviour (self-control, discipline) includes sef-regulation and effortful control
what is self-regulation (IC)
response and attentional inhibition, maintaining optimal levels of emotional, motivation, cognitive arousal
what is effortful control (IC)
innate temperamental predisposition to exercise better/worse self-regulation
name higher-level EFs
reasoning, problem-solving, planning
EF interactions - name 4 supporting mechanisms also exposed to inhibition/attentional mechanisms
selection, updating, performance monitoring, shifting
EF interactions - what does selection involve
selecting new plans in line with new rules, conflict arise between 2 possible rule
EF interactions - what does updating involve
update rules understanding
failure causes inflexibility
EF interactions - what does performance monitoring involve
attention for error
failure causes perseveration errpr
EF interactions - what does shifting involve
shift to a new plan and put into action
failure causes compulsivity, due to inability to shift to change behaviour
why should optimal, appropriate behaviour not always be directed by EF
EF is effortful and subjective to capacity limitation, emotional state vulnerability, psychological disorders, physical health
first to suffer when something go wrong
define attention
similar to cognitive control aspects however often sensory (salient stimuli can attract attention so more automatic>controlled process)
define fluid intelligence
ability to reason, problem solve, see patterns or relations among items. including inductive and deductive logical reasoning
define self-regulation
processes enabling us to maintain optimal levels of emotional, motivational, cognitive arousal
define effortful control
aspect of temperament, innate predisposition to exercise self-regulation with ease
define executive attention
top-down regulation of attention, and assessed during measure of selective attention
