PSY1002 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 1 Flashcards
define memory
faculty by which info is encoded, stored and retrieved when needed
define encoding
info enters memory system or slips away, requires attention
define storage
info preserved for recollection in future or forgotten. connections to our pre-existing knowledge is important
define retrieval
info is intentionally recollected or unintentionally sits ‘on tip of your tongue’
outline Clive Wearings as a case study
herpes simplex encephalitus lead to anterograde and retrograde amnesia. lacks ability to form new memories or recall past, but retained music abilities
what did the case of Clive Wearing suggest?
not all memories are same as no new memory however retained skill suggesting there are multiple models for categorising memory
name the 2 ways we can categorise memory
time (length of time passed since memory occurredd)
content (events, facts, skills)
outline modal model of memory (Atikinson & Shiffrin, 1968)
input ➡️ sensory moment ➡️ STM ➡️ ⬅️LTM
explain the type of information stored in the sensory memory stage of Modal-Model of memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin)
briefest form of memory, input modality specific, storing raw unprocessed sensory info as visual impressions (iconic), auditory impressions (echoic), haptic (touch), taste, smell
what is duration of of Modal-Model of memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin)
very brief - 250-500ms for iconic memory and few seconds for echoic
outline Sperlings partial-report method of studying sensory input in Modal-Model of memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin)
50ms presented letter arrays
whole report cdn: ppts recall all letters in array (average recall = first 4-5letters)
partial report cdn: presented letters, hidden then played tone to indicate which row ppts had to recall (reported complete rows for large arrays even when tone displayed after stimuli were presented)
when no delay between end of display and tone recalled 75% of row, but only 4 letters if asked for whole display
what did Sperlings study conclude about sensory input of Modal-Model of memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin)
we’ve got large visual sensory capacity but only able to recall select few items (averaged 3)
lasts 1 second
have to pay attention in order to retain and send to our STMs
study research suggests duration of echoic memory can last how long (but what are weaknesses of this)
can last up to 5 seconds, but difficult to determine if ppts reporting sensory memory involves unprocessed sensory stimulus, or STM that have already been processed
what are the 2 stages of sensory memory storage depending on its duration in Modal-Model of memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin)
1st = storing raw unprocessing perceptual info
2nd = perceptual info connect to info stored at LTM to interpret stimuli
what is the STM and apply to Clive Wearing case study
intermediate memory store beginning processing of perceptual info from sensory memory. requires attention
Clive Wearing had STM but lost memory once attention moves on
what is STM duration, capacity, and what can boost it?
duration = 30-60ms
capacity = 5-9 items (limits depends on what type of info, smaller span for word with more syllables)
memories held in STM while attention lasts, aided by: active rehearsal or chunking
outline Miller’s STM study into capacity
ppts memorised series of letters in sequence and found 7+/-2
boosted by active rehearsal/chunking
outline research by Peterson & Peterson into STm duration
remember short meaningless sequences (GRX)- prevented info processing by LTM, then verbal interference tasks like counting (3-18s)
recall rates near 0 for 18s
how does interference impact forgetting in STM
retroactive (new info replaces old), results from encoding method. confusing BAKE and RAKE, higher recall for semantic based words (RAKE, autumn)
proactive (old info already stored in STM prevents new info stored) and primacy effect
describe LTM (retrieval, capacity, duration, info modalities)
info transferred between STM and LTM
unlimited capacity + duration
usually semantically encoded, stored
define declarative, or explicit memory
memories that we are aware of, and can expressn
name 3 types of declarative (explicit memory(
episodic, semantic, procedural
define episodic memory
episodes of life you remember, including contextual info about where and when (what you had for breakfast yesterday)
define semantic memory
general facts about world that you know, abstracted from contextual info (Paris is capital of France)
define procedural memory
skills, habits (how to ride a bike)
what are the 2 types of LTM
declarative (explicit)
non-declarative (implicit)
name 2 types of implicit memory
conditioning, priming
define non-declarative (implicit) memories
difficult to bring into awareness and express
how are declarative memories retrieved (from episodic, semantic, procedural)
episodic- retrieved using medial temporal lobe (including hippocampus)
semantic- retrieved using medial temporal lobe but area activated depends on type of info (motor activate motor cortex, prefrontal from factual info)
procedural- retrevied using the basal ganglia linking to frontal lobe
define working memory
storage and controlled processing of info in present moment (WM is dynamic system to process and manipulate data, not passive store)
give example of WM functions
maintaining info whilst being distracted
making info in LTM accessible for processing
retrieving info from LTM, or transfer into the LTM
active rehearsal + chunking
combining info in novel ways
describe what Baddeley Hitch WMM look like
central executive splits into VSS, EB, PL which combine into LTM
outline the structure of Baddeley Hitch WMM
hierarchical organisation (CE coordinating other 3 components), modular structure with each component having functional responsibility
what does the central executive do
conductor for everything that’s happening, coordinates storage systems, control of attention, processing info from VSS and PL
what does the visuospatial sketchpad do
stores and processes visual info (what) and spatial info (where)
outline the mental rotation task studying VSS (Shepard & Melzer - 1971)
present ppts with 2 object diagrams and ask if same object rotated or a different object
found greater angle of rotation took longer to see if 2 images same or enanitomorphs
what an enantiomorph
mirror image
outline dual-task study for VSS (Quinn & McConnel, 1996)
2 visuospatial or 1 visuospatial and 1 verbal. interference gives lower task performance when same info type, suggesting WM has different subsystems for visual/auditory info
study used remembering word lists using verbal/visual rehersal, and some ppts given changing visual display or not
visual imagining ppt remembered less
what does the phonological loop do
auditory, or linguistic input stored in phonological STM then kept in articulatory loop using subvocal rehearsal to create a phonological representation
outline Baddeley (1975) explanation of PL and word length effect
suggested WM recall’s a function of time meaning we remember the number of words we can articulate in 2 seconds. if we cannot rehearse items they decay
recall more short than longer words (takes longer for articulation)
why do we have more recall errors when words sound similar (PL)- phonological similarity effect
even if visually presented, due to assumption that visual info involves language so translated automatically to verbal codes in WM and stored in PL. similar verbal codes becomes mixed up when recalling
how does articulatory suppression affect PL word recall
ppts repeating out loud during learning had less recall as articulatory suppression prevented articulatory rehearsal and irrelevant articulations stored, leading to overloading
what does the episodic buffer do
handles brief storage of episodic memories when PL or VSS engaged, and bind representations or multimodal info to form new episodic memory
define engram
neural representation of a memory traces
how did Lashley use rats to study engrams
navigated maze, then created lesion on differing areas to see impact on performances
what is the frontal cortex role in memory
coordination of info, WM
what is the temporal cortex role in memory
spatial memory storage, episodic memory storage
what is the amygdala role in memory
implicit and emotional memory formation
what is the hippocampus role in memory
explicit memory formation
what is the role of cerebellum in memory
implicit memory formation
