PSY1002 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 2 Flashcards
define episodic memory
memory of personal experiences that can be explicitly stated, consisting of autobiographical events and their context
define mental time travel (chronesthesia)
capacity to mentally reconstruct personal events from past as well as to imagine possible scenarios in future
name components of mental time travel
early, recent, future, imagined, reminiscence bump, flashbulb memories
define reminiscence bump
superior memory for events that occurred in adolescence and early adulthood
what is reminiscence bump a result of
childhood amnesia due to neuronal wiring, then late teen into early 20 gathers and maintain more memories due to it being a more formative lifespan period, then recency effect 40+
define flashbulb memories
emotionally significant or shocking, usually a world-changing event many have different memories of shared experience, eg: 9/11
give 2 conditions of “a perfect memory”
Superior Autobiographical Memory (SAM) or Highly Superior Autobiograpical Memory (HSAM)
explain AJ - a case study for super autobiographical memory
nearly perfect recall for events in own life/historical when given dates, however dominated life as non-stop, automatic, and uncontrollable
what brain changes are associated with SAM (Superior Autobiographical Memory)
MRI = size and shape of temporal lobe differed (impacts episodic memories) and size and shape of caudate nucleus (basal ganglia) associated with habits, tendency toward OCD
outline Jill Price case stud for Hyperthymesia
Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory, feels she is living 2 lives simultaneously, the past and present and constantly experiences negative emotion associated with past life events
explain direct method of measuring memory
instructed encoding (instruct ppts to memorise info) then explicit retrieval (instruct ppt to retrieve)
name 5 types of direct memory measure
recall, free recall, serial recall, cued recall, recognition
explain recall as direct memory measure
generate info from memory such as using open ended exam question, digit recall task
explain free recall as direct memory measure
recall as many items as possible
explain serial recall as direct memory measure
recall items in order of their presentation
explain cued recall as direct memory measure
recall items with help of cues (eg recall all odd digits first, then all even digits)
explain recognition as direct memory measure
verify whether info presented (probes) match memory in MCQ or word recognition tasks
DV- difference between correctly verified probes (hits) and wrongly accepted probes (false alarms)
outline indirect way of measuring memory
incidental encoding (ppt thinks about info, but not instructed to memorise it) and implicit retrieval (during testing, asked to complete an unrelated activity )
name 3 different encoding effects
levels of processing, spacing effect, serial position effect
name 2 encoding-retrieval interactions
encoding specificity, transfer-appropriate processing
outline Craik & Tulvings study in levels of processing
ppts either:
structural- presented random words in upper/lower case and processed at surface level (asked if upper/lower cases)
phonemic- presented words, may rhyme with target and processed at medium levels (does it rhyme with..?)
category- presented words, may align with category, highest processing level
found as processing went from shallower to deeper increased correct recognition
what did Craik and Lockhart conclude about levels of processing
using deep processing at encoding aids memory as encoding info according to its meaning aids long term storage
what is elaborative encoding?
processing the meaning, connects into with knowledge already stored in LTM, so easier retrieval
explain the spacing effect
spacing out smaller but frequent revision sessions improve memory encoding than using one big practice due to multiple study episodes providing more varied retrieval cues
explain massed practice
single, lengthy study period
explain distributed practice
multiple, short study periods
explain serial position effect
primacy and recency effect
primacy - nothing interfere with lists first items so more likely to receive deeper encoding
recency - shows retrieval from STM, eliminated by using delay or intervening tasks
what is testing effect
practice tests most effective way to improve later retrieval as provides retrieval practice
explain Roediger & Karpickes study into testing effect
ppts studied a text and either restudied or recalled, found retrieval practice improved memory for delay longer than few minute
give a possible reason for testing effect
depth of encoding involved in additional recall tasks, as intervening recall tasks need more effortful processing, allows deeper additional encoding
additional mechanisms strengthens connection between cues when retrieving
how should testing effect be best utilised in revision
LTM better when mixed context practice instead of one topic in a large block
explanatory questioning effective
what is encoding specificity principle
matching context at encoding and retrieval aids episodic memory
outline Godden and Baddeley diver study for encoding specificity
learnt above, recall under
learn above, recall above
learn under, recall under
learn under, recall above
memory best for a matched encode and retrieval context
explain mood-dependent effects on encoding specificities
inducing moods using music or reading positive or negative topic content improves memory if same in recall
define transfer-appropriate processing
matching processing at encoding and retrieval aids episodic memory
outline Morris, Bransford & Franks (1977) study into transfer appropriate processing
- completion encoding then recognition retrieval
- completion encoding then rhyme retrieval
- phonemic encoding then recognition retrieval
- phonemic encoding then rhyme retrieval
best performance when matched encoding/retrieval
give example for Morris et al transfer appropriate processing study statements
completion encoding = complete the sentence ‘the __ had a silver engine’ then recognition retrieval = was train one of the studied words
phonemic encoding = __ rhyme with legal
rhyme retrieval = does regal rhyme with studied word
define consolidation
neural process by which memories are strengthened and more permanently stored in brain, relying on hippocampus initially before being stored in cortical areas, allowing more permanent storage, taking days, week or months
explain synaptic consolidation
occur within and across neuron, much quicker
how long can consolidation or synaptic consolidation take
days, weeks months, but synaptic consolidations quicker
