PSY1001 WEEK 4 Flashcards
define social categorisation
process of assigning people to groups based on social categories
define prototype
to apply schematic knowledge, first categorise as fitting specific schema into cognitive categories of attributes. can represent average category member but usually represents extreme member
why do we socially categorise
to understand- important for perception and making judgement on others disposition
adaptive for survival- identify allied groups and enemies
define ingroup
groups with which an individual feels sense of membership, belonging, identity
define outgroup
groups with which individual does not feel sense of membership, belonging, identity
how are our categories organised, what are used
in hierarchy from less to more inclusive (fewer/more attribute or members). we tend to rely on intermediate categories, usually use exemplars. as we become more familar we use prototypes
define stereotype
collection of traits that society associates with particular social group
give key themes of a stereotype
slow to change,
change in response to wider socio-political and economic change,
acquired at early age,
more pronounced and hostile when there is social tension
define perceptual accentuation
process of categorisation might be responsible for stereotyping. we carry out perceptual accentuating of intra-category similarity/difference such as using colour of wine to judge tastes
define stereotype threat
concern experienced by person when there is a possibility that they may act in way consistent with negative stereotypes
when does stereotype threat usually occur
restricted access to education, health, housing, employment meaning that discrimination creates visible evidence of disadvantage, leading to internalised failure and giving up
how may individuals who experience stereotype threat act with other
sensitive to cause of others treatment of them, leads to suspicion and mistrusting. often attribute positive outcome to external reverse discrimination and tokenism, underattributing negative reaction to prejudice
define self-fulfilling prophecy
stereotypical beliefs can create material realities confirming belief
define prejudice
negative attitude held towards a societal group or its members
define attitude
general, enduring, positive or negative feeling about a person object or issue
define discrimination
negative behaviours toward a person because of their group membership
explain the stereotype content model
argues stereotype content reflects changes in society
how are stereotypes classified along dimensions of competence and warmth, linking to groups social status and competitive potentials? (stereotype content model)
warm: intent and linked to competition for resource (low competition is perceived as positive intentions and high warmth stereotype like friendly, high competition is negative intention and withlow warmth stereotype like unfriendly)
competence: capability and linked to social status, (high status perceived highly capable so high competence stereotype of intelligence, low status perceived low capability so low competence stereotype like weak)
apply stereotype content model with stereotype classification to eldery
low competition = high warm stereotype
low status = low competence stereotype
define covariation judgements
how strongly we perceived things to be related, and is essential in schema formation and social inference
explain cognitive stereotype explanations of illusory correlation (a definition)
overestimation degree of correlation, or seeing correlation when not existing. when we make covariation judgement we dont want to be wrong so search for schema-consistent info in order to not disconfirm preexisting schema
what is the influence of statistically infrequent event co-occurance on stereotypes
minority groups (statistically infrequent) performing negative behaviours (statistically infrequent) causes pairing resulting in association, forming stereotype
explain procvess of stereotyping (stereotype application and activation) and how we measure it
- stereotype application: using activated stereotypes in judgement (measured by using scales of individual traits; is Jane sensitive, rude, loud)
- stereotype activation: degree to which stereotype is accessible in mind (lexical decision tasks)
explain lexical decision tasks
display stereotypical words prior to assocaited target word, priming. decide if make-up or proper word
find it easier to decide when already primed in head
