PSY1001 WEEK 2 LO

Question 1

define confounding variable

Answer 1

2 or more IV’s covary in such a way that is is impossible to know which caused effect

Question 2

give some advantages of lab experiment

Answer 2

establish cause-effect relationship, highly controlled nature so can address theories, high internal validity, can minimise experimenter effects through a double-blind procedure

Question 3

what are disadvantages of lab experiment

Answer 3

lack generalisability, low on external validity and mundane realism, subject effects (bias), experimenter effects, demand characteristics

Question 4

define demand characteristics

Answer 4

features of experiment that ‘demand’ particular result, give info about hypotheses etc

Question 5

what are advantages of field experiment

Answer 5

naturalistic setting so high external validity (no reactive ppt - unaware being studied)

Question 7

what are disadvantages of field experiment

Answer 7

lack EV control, randomly assigning is difficult, difficult to obtain accurate measurements

Question 7

in general, what does non-experimental methods involve and why may they be carried out

Answer 7

correlation between variables, not manipulated. carried out when we cannot carry out experiment due to layout of research (eg; researching planets, can’t move Jupiter lol) or ethical reasons

Question 7

give 5 examples of non-experimental methods

Answer 7

archival research, case studies, qualitative research, surveys, field studies

Question 8

what are disadvantages of surveys

Answer 8

subjective to experimenter bias, evaluation apprehension, demand characteristics
poorly constructed questionnaires can lead to response sets causing biased data (tendency for ppts to answer questions unthinkingly)

Question 8

describe archival research and what it can do

Answer 8

investigates large-scale widely occuring phenomena (many be time remote), assembling secondary data. often compares cultures on topics (eg: parenting strategy, suicide). isn’t reactive, but unreliable as no control over primary datas collection

Question 8

explain what qualitative research and discourse analysis

Answer 8

analyse text and identify underlying narrative. draws on criticism in literature, notion that language is performance and grounded in criticism of mainstream social psychology

Question 9

explain case study and what they do

Answer 9

in-depth case analysis involving structured interview, questionnaire, behavioural observation.
well-suited to unusual events unable to be articifically created, useful source of hypotheses, lacking generalisability, researcher bias

Question 9

what are advantages of surveys

Answer 9

large amount of data and large sample (no issues with generalisation)

Question 10

summarise explicit methods

Answer 10

ppt is aware and uses conscious control

Question 11

summarise implicit methods

Answer 11

ppt is unaware and uses automatic processes

Question 12

what does explicit methods involve (3 examples)

Answer 12

self-reports of how ppts think and feel, involves open responses, numeric scales, questionnaires

Question 13

what are some issues with explicit method

Answer 13

responses are within conscious control so provided deliberately (social desirability, unconscious process unaware of own thought)

Question 14

how does implicit methods work

Answer 14

tap into cognitive representations (schema) to assess accessibility and ease of info retrieval, to see if schema is at ‘forefront’ of mind

Question 15

what do implicit tasks usually involve

Answer 15

reaction time is a good indicator for accessibility
we are faster at grouping items we pair together previously such as salt and pepper

Question 16

give real world applications of implicit methods

Answer 16

does it influence social groups eg: linking women to specific careers

Question 17

define schema

Answer 17

mental representations holding the information we know about specific objects

Question 18

state 3 implicit methods we can use

Answer 18

implicit association test, priming, lexical decision tasks

Question 19

explain implicit association test

Answer 19

ppts categorise 2 different types of stimuli (eg- gender and career) using 2 buttons, categories are congruent or incongruent, and ppt speed of categorisation is measured

Question 20

explain priming

Answer 20

presentation of stimulus unconsciously increases accessibility of related cognitions (schemas), influence cognitive processes and behaviour

Question 21

give a priming example

Answer 21

present smile 15ms before showing target words laughter, will produce a quicker reaction time than sad emojis as laughter is in same schemas as smile

Question 22

explain lexical decision tasks

Answer 22

assess accessibility of cognition
ppts judge whether letters form word or not
on critical trials, target words are presented to reflect a cognition of interest, and reaction time used to determine schemas accessibility

Question 23

explain WEIRD

Answer 23

Western, educated, industrialised, rich, democracies

Question 24

how do we solve issues of respect for privacy

Answer 24

ensure details remain confidential, insure research question justifies invading individuals privacy

Question 25

define deception

Answer 25

concealing true purpose of research from ppts

Question 26

what must researchers do during debriefing

Answer 26

ensure research implications of socially sensitive issue is not personally predjudiced, or open to public misinterpretation