PSY1001 WEEK 2 LO Flashcards
define confounding variable
2 or more IV’s covary in such a way that is is impossible to know which caused effect
give some advantages of lab experiment
establish cause-effect relationship, highly controlled nature so can address theories, high internal validity, can minimise experimenter effects through a double-blind procedure
what are disadvantages of lab experiment
lack generalisability, low on external validity and mundane realism, subject effects (bias), experimenter effects, demand characteristics
define demand characteristics
features of experiment that ‘demand’ particular result, give info about hypotheses etc
what are advantages of field experiment
naturalistic setting so high external validity (no reactive ppt - unaware being studied)
what are disadvantages of field experiment
lack EV control, randomly assigning is difficult, difficult to obtain accurate measurements
in general, what does non-experimental methods involve and why may they be carried out
correlation between variables, not manipulated. carried out when we cannot carry out experiment due to layout of research (eg; researching planets, can’t move Jupiter lol) or ethical reasons
give 5 examples of non-experimental methods
archival research, case studies, qualitative research, surveys, field studies
what are disadvantages of surveys
subjective to experimenter bias, evaluation apprehension, demand characteristics
poorly constructed questionnaires can lead to response sets causing biased data (tendency for ppts to answer questions unthinkingly)
describe archival research and what it can do
investigates large-scale widely occuring phenomena (many be time remote), assembling secondary data. often compares cultures on topics (eg: parenting strategy, suicide). isn’t reactive, but unreliable as no control over primary datas collection
explain what qualitative research and discourse analysis
analyse text and identify underlying narrative. draws on criticism in literature, notion that language is performance and grounded in criticism of mainstream social psychology
explain case study and what they do
in-depth case analysis involving structured interview, questionnaire, behavioural observation.
well-suited to unusual events unable to be articifically created, useful source of hypotheses, lacking generalisability, researcher bias
what are advantages of surveys
large amount of data and large sample (no issues with generalisation)
summarise explicit methods
ppt is aware and uses conscious control
summarise implicit methods
ppt is unaware and uses automatic processes
what does explicit methods involve (3 examples)
self-reports of how ppts think and feel, involves open responses, numeric scales, questionnaires
what are some issues with explicit method
responses are within conscious control so provided deliberately (social desirability, unconscious process unaware of own thought)
how does implicit methods work
tap into cognitive representations (schema) to assess accessibility and ease of info retrieval, to see if schema is at ‘forefront’ of mind
what do implicit tasks usually involve
reaction time is a good indicator for accessibility
we are faster at grouping items we pair together previously such as salt and pepper
give real world applications of implicit methods
does it influence social groups eg: linking women to specific careers
define schema
mental representations holding the information we know about specific objects
state 3 implicit methods we can use
implicit association test, priming, lexical decision tasks
explain implicit association test
ppts categorise 2 different types of stimuli (eg- gender and career) using 2 buttons, categories are congruent or incongruent, and ppt speed of categorisation is measured
