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VCE > PSY - Visual Perception > Flashcards

PSY - Visual Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is perception?

A

Process by which we give meaning to sensory information, resulting in personal interpretation

Active process

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2
Q

What is the order of light travel through the physiological features of the eye?

A

Cornea > Aqueous Humour > Pupil (Iris) > Lens (Ciliary Muscles) > Vitreous Humour > Retina > Optic Nerve > Visual Cortex

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3
Q

What is the cornea? What does it do?

A

A transparent, convex-shaped covering

Protects the eye, helps focus light rays onto the back of the retina

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4
Q

What is the aqueous humour? What does it do?

A

Between the cornea and the lens, it is a watery fluid

Helps maintain the shape of the eyeball and provide nutrients & oxygen to the eye, as well as carrying away waste products

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5
Q

What is the pupil? What does it do?

A

Not a structure in itself, opening in the iris

Controls amount of light entering the eye (dilates in dim, contracts in light)

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6
Q

What is the iris? What does it do?

A

Coloured, ring of muscles

Expand and contract to change size of pupil

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7
Q

What is the lens? What does it do?

A

Transparent, flexible, convex, behind pupil

Focuses light onto retina, (bulge for nearby, flatten for distant), controlled by ciliary muscles

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8
Q

What is the vitreous humour? What does it do?

A

Jelly-like substance

Helps maintain shape of eyeball, helps focus light

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9
Q

What is the retina? What does it do?

A

Consists of several layers of nerve tissue and light-sensitive visual receptor cells (photoreceptors)

Receives and absorbs light, processes images, connected to brain via optic nerve, image focussed on retina is inverted and reversed

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10
Q

What happens in reception?

A

Eye receives light from external environment and focuses it onto retina where image of stimulus is captured, detected by photoreceptors

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of rods?

A

Photoreceptor, low light, night vision, poor at detecting details, not colour, 125 million

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of cones?

A

Photoreceptor, high light, well-lit vision, good at detecting detail, colour vision, 6.5 million

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13
Q

What happens in transduction?

A

Photoreceptors change electromagnetic energy (light) into electrical impulses (signals) which can travel along optic nerve to brain

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14
Q

What happens in transmission?

A

Sending electrical impulses along optic nerve to brain (visual cortex, which specialises in receiving and processing visual information, but sends information to other areas for further processing

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15
Q

What happens in selection?

A

Feature detector cells filter and select important pieces of visual information (eg. lines, dots, circles etc.)

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16
Q

What happens in organisation?

A

Arranging visual information features in meaningful way, with visual perception principles (eg. Gestalt principles), automatic

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17
Q

What happens in interpretation?

A

Process of assigning meaning to visual information

Psychological processes: past experience with object, gestalt principles, context

Physiological processes: visual information sent to other brain areas to decipher WHERE and WHAT an object is

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18
Q

What is the stroop effect? Why does this occur?

A

Word colour different to actual colour

Brain has difficulty processing conflicting pieces of information, automatic response is to first read the word

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19
Q

How does the biological perspective explain visual perception?

A

Physiology of eye, neural events

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20
Q

How does the behavioural perspective explain visual perception?

A

Learning, past experience, rewards/punishments, expectations

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21
Q

How does the socio-cultural perspective explain visual perception?

A

Personal circumstances, experiences within culture

22
Q

How does the cognitive perspective explain visual perception?

A

How we acquire and process visual information, systems controlled by brain

23
Q

What are the Gestalt principles?

A

Group features to perceive complete form, may only be for those who studied geometric concepts formally(Luria)/had exp. with 2D shapes

Figure-ground organisation
Closure
Similarity
Proximity

24
Q

What is figure-ground organisation?

A

Figure stands out from ground (surroundings), separated by figure’s contour, eg signs, illusions (‘reversible figures’)

25
Q

What is closure?

A

Closure: close up gaps mentally in image > perception of whole (eg. logos)

26
Q

What is similarity?

A

Perceive similar featured parts as whole/together (eg uniforms, Ishihara colour blindness tests)

27
Q

What is proximity?

A

Aka Nearness: parts located together perceived as together (eg letters = words, musical notes = melody)

28
Q

What are the binocular depth cues?

A

Convergence

Retinal Disparity

29
Q

What is convergence?

A

Changes in tension in eye muscles determine distance (turn inwards for close objects), useful around 6 metres because here lines of sight of both eyes is basically parallel

30
Q

What is retinal disparity?

A

Eyes are about 6-7 cm apart, so different image (about less than 9-10 m away) cast on each retina, and different location of visual images on retinae are compared/fused to make depth judgments

31
Q

What are the monocular depth cues?

A

Accommodation

  • Linear Perspective
  • Interposition
  • Texture Gradient
  • Relative Size
  • Height in the Visual Field
  • = pictorial cues b/c used in artworks
32
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Automatic adjustment of lens shape to focus an object in response to depth (bulge for close, flatten for distant) - extent to which changes shape gives info r.e. distance

33
Q

What is linear perspective?

A

Apparent convergence of parallel lines as they recede into distance

34
Q

What is interposition?

A

Aka overlap, is when one object partially covers another (blocked = further away)

35
Q

What is texture gradient?

A

Gradual reduction of detail that occurs in a surface as it recedes into distance (close = finer detail)

36
Q

What is relative size?

A

Tendency to visually perceive object that produces largest image on retina as being closer and vice versa (expected to be same size in real life)

37
Q

What is Height in the Visual Field?

A

Location of objects in our field of vision, whereby objects close to horizon are perceived as more distant

38
Q

What are the perceptual constancies?

A

Tendency to perceive object as unchanging/stable despite changes occur to image cast on retina

Size
Shape
Brightness
Orientation

39
Q

What is size constancy?

A

Object’s actual size remains same despite size cast on retina changing (past experience = vital)

40
Q

What is shape constancy?

A

Tendency to perceive object as maintaining shape despite change to shape of image cast on retina

41
Q

What is brightness constancy?

A

Tendency to perceive object as maintaining brightness level in relation to surroundings despite changes in amount of light being reflected from object to retina

42
Q

What is perceptual set?

A

Predisposition to perceive something in accordance with what we expect it to be, aka expectancy, can quicken reactions/understanding, can also make us miss relevant things we don’t expect

43
Q

How does context influence perceptual set?

A

= Setting in which perception is made

Relevant aspects of setting focused on (> quick & accurate interpretation), can > slower & inaccurate interpretations

Eg. Bruner and Minturn (1955): B and 13

44
Q

How does motivation influence perceptual set?

A

Processes which activate behaviour which is directed towards achieving a particular goal

Psych (interests) and Physio factors (needs)

45
Q

How does emotional state influence perceptual set?

A

Set us to perceive info in way consistent with that emotion

Eg. Coat hanger in dark > scared/frightened

46
Q

How does past experience influence perceptual set?

A

Predispose us to perceive info in personal way b/c of personal exp. > individual differences in how perceived

Eg. Toch and Schulte (1961): ‘binocular rivalry’ (two images spontaneously presented, one to each eye - usually one actually seen) > violent and non violent situations for police trainees/officers and not

47
Q

How do cultural factors influence perceptual set?

A

Experience with/in particular culture influences way we process and interpret visual info

Eg. Malawi people with dog photos could not identify dog b/c culture not accustomed to photos / 2D images of 3D things

48
Q

What are visual illusions?

A

Misinterpretation of real sensory info (mismatch perception and reality)

49
Q

Explain the Muller-Lyer illusion.

A

Line with feather tail is perceived as longer than longer than line with arrowhead

Biological: eye movements & brain’s failure to properly process different info about eye movements (FT requires longer eye movements & also it takes more eye movements to view line w/ inward arrows) - rejected b/c still seen even with no eye movement

Behavioural: because it contradicts what learned about physical reality, ‘carpentered world hypothesis’ (illusion occurs b/c of its similarity to familiar architectural features in 3D real world = corners, FT > further away > longer

Socio-Cultural: ‘non-carpentered world’ people (Zulus w/ circle huts > less exposed and thus less likely to perceive illusion), race/education/training also proposed as relevant

Cognitive: may be due to inappropriate mental strategies (eg assuming smaller line is further away than it is = size constancy & depth cues), rejected as other shapes work as well as FT and AH

50
Q

Explain the moon illusion.

A

Apparent distance theory: sky background > no depth cues > underestimate size, whereas tree/building background > further away > larger than zenith

51
Q

What is sensation?

A

Process by which sense organs and receptors detect and respond to sensory information that stimulates them

VCE (12 decks)

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