PSY Unit 2 Learning Objectives Flashcards
The first 2 years
Infants grow most rapidly in the first ____ years of life.
Two
The first 2 years
Typical 2 year olds are ________ their adult height and about _____ their adult
weight
half, 1/5
1st 2 years
What concept explains how infant development will increase beyond normal ranges over time to meet the expected height/weight range for age?
Catch-up growth
What natural process correlates with typical brain maturation, learning, emotion regulation, academic success, and physiological adjustment?
Regular and ample sleep
1st 2 years
An infants ______ ______ begin in the first few months.
sleep habits
Devlopment via interaction of genes and care-giving. Nature/Nurture.
Sleep
Newborns sleep ___ - ___ hours a day.
15-17
Sleep
Sleep varies not only because of biology (maturation and genes), but
also because of ________.
caregiving
nature/nurture
Sleep
Up to 50% of sleep time for babies is ____ sleep. By months, _____ _____ sleep increases.
REM, Slow wave
sleep
Deep sleep in which brain waves are very slow is _____ _____ sleep.
Slow wave
Sleep
When babies sleep in close proximity to their caregiver it is called _________
co-sleeping
Sleep
When caregivers share their immediate bed/sleep area it is called ____.
bed-sharing
Sleep
Bed sharing is more safe and calculated when in countries where it is ______ ______.
more common
Sleep
Which country prefers co-sleeping over most other countries that prefer bed-sharing?
USA
Sleep
What are two continents where bed-sharing is almost always preferred?
Asia, Africa
Brain
The brain consist of four lobes. List all four.
Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital
The ________ lobe is generally where higher executive functions including emotional regulation, planning, reasoning and problem solving occur
frontal
Brain
Areas in the ________ lobe are responsible for integrating sensory information, including touch, temperature, pressure and pain.
parietal
Brain
The ____________ lobe also contains regions dedicated to processing sensory information, particularly important for hearing, recognising language, and forming memories
temporal
Brain
The ________ lobe is the major visual processing centre in the brain
Occipital
Brain
Pleasure and pain may arise from another region of the brain, called the _________ _________ a cluster deep in the forebrain that is crucial for emotions and motivation.
Lymbic System
Amygdala, Hippocampus, (& hypothalamus and pituitary)
Brain
The volume of the cortex ____ in size from birth to age 2.
triples
Brain
Pruning increases brain potential how?
Removing unnecessary neurons and synapses from the brain increases its efficiency. Less material to sift through is faster. Only necessary parts are kept.
Rose pruning shapes development of the plant.
________ knowledge includes the understanding that gravity makes objects fall, moving objects are stopped by a solid wall, and adult gaze signals important info.
Core
________ Circular Reactions deals with the first two sensorimotor stages dealing with infant’s responses to their own body.
Primary
_________ Circular Reactions deals with how baby responds to objects and people.
Secondary
________ Circular Reactions deal with action and creative ideas through active experimentation and new means through mental combinations.
Tertiary
_________ reactions emphasize how each experience leads to the next; looping back.
Circular
What happens in the first stage of primary circular reactions, known as simple reflexes?
Reflexes become deliberate; sensation leads to perception, to cognition, and cognition back to sensation in what stage of Piaget’s sensorimotor theory?
The second stage of circular reactions, called ________ ________ __________, begins as the baby’s mind adapts to whatever responses their reflexes elicit.
first acquired adaptations
(where assimilation/accommodation occurs)
____________Circular Reactions occur between baby and something else.
Secondary
What happens in the third stage of Piaget’s sensorimotor stages, when babies become more visually attentive to people in the room?
Making interesting sights last.
Babies gain object permanence in what stage of the sensorimotor stages? This is also called “means to an end.”
New adaptation and anticipation.
Piaget describes the concept that objects or people continue to exist when they are not visible, also known as ________ __________.
Object permanence.
Stage 5 under Tertiary circular reactions is also known as what? It refers to toddlers who “experiment in order to see.”
New means through active experimentation
Stage six, a tertiary circular reaction, is known as what? They will think about consequences, also.
Mental combinations
Toddlers remember what they see and repeat it later. What is the term for this?
deferred imitation
Piaget’s findings were mostly accurate in describing how babies learn, but his primary mistake was found to be in underestimating what?
How rapidly their learning actually occurs.
Vygotsky stressed the vital role of _______ _______ in shaping
and advancing infant cognition
other people
Caregiver and baby attending to the same thing is an example of what?
joint attention
____________ believed that the child is a social being, and cognitive development is led by social interactions. ___________, on the other hand, felt that the child was more independent and that development was guided by self-centered, focused activities
Vygotsky, Piaget
Babbling is experience-___________. all babies babble.
expectant
The realization that one’s body, mind, and activities are disctinct from those of other people.
Self-awareness
The biological core of differences in style of approach and response to the environment that is stable across time and situations is called _________.
Temperament
____________ traits are heavily influenced by parents and culture, wheras ____________ traits arise from genes.
Personality, temperamental
Infants with difficult temperaments are more likely to what? Especially if the pregnancy was hard and their caregivers are depressed or anxious.
Develop emotional problems.
What are the three traits of temperament meaning easy-going, slow-to-warm, and active, respectively?
Effortful control, Negative Mood, Exuberance.
Temperance is not the same as?
Personality is not the same as?
A mutual exchange with split-second timing is known as what?
What is synchrony?
If a child is concerned but not overwhelmed by comings and goings this indicates security, type _____.
B - Secure
If a child plays independently without seeking contact this indicates ________ ________ attachment, type ____.
insecure-avoidant, A
Infants who cling to caregivers and are angry at being left indicate _________ ________ attachment, type ___.
insecure-resistant/ambivalent, C
Infants who suddenly switch from hitting to kissing, staring blankly to crying hysterically, pinching themselves to freezing in place indicate _____________ attachment, type ____.
disorganized, D
_______ _______ means consulting emotions or information from other people.
social referencing
The rapid proliferation of neural connections at a specific time, and the eventual death of over half of those connections is can be described as?
Transient exuberance and pruning refers to what process?
Axon bundles make up what structures in the body?
Nerves are mostly made of what part of neurons?
The first step toward transient exuberance and pruning involves what process?
Axon growth and development, known as synaptogenesis, occurs in the first few years of human life. What two processes follow this step in neural development?
How does pruning determine which connections stay or get removed?
Non-functioning connections, and surplus material unnecessary for neural efficiency witll be removed in which process of neural dvelopment?
What is another term for the things we expect to see in development for anyone for normal human experience?
What is experience-expectant brain function?
All babies develop language, and all humans have emotions. These are examples of what?
What are two examples of experience-expectant brain function?
The specific language and responses to life’s experiences that are learned over time describe what?
What constitutes experience-dependent behavior?
What two factors help to influence experience-dependent behavior?
What are impoverishment and enrichment examples of?
What behavioral issues develop when babies are given the bare minimum of care?
What is indicated in development when IQ is hampered and social interaction is damaged?
What is occuring when babies have a good basic level of care and a good amount of social interaction?
What factors facilitate enrichment?
What are symptoms of overstimulation?
Raised cortisol levels, atypical stress responses, hypervigilance, and anxiety can result from what developmental care factor?
What sense is developed in the womb, before birth?
When is hearing developed?
How does baby’s vision develop?
What sense is poor in acuity at birth, but gets better rather quickly during myelenation (neural developmental spike)?
At ~13 weeks, baby gains depth perception by developing what trait of vision?
Binocular vision develops when?
What sense is fully developed before birth?
How well are taste and smell developed, prenatally?
What senses are difficult to measure?
What is the trouble with pain and pleasure?
Heart rate, hormones, and blood pressure readings help us to see what in babies?
Pain and pleasure can be somewhat measured how?
What are gross motor skills?
Moving the larger muscles of the body aided by “tummy time” develops what?
How much time does it take for baby to control their head (approx.)?
What part of the body can be controlled by baby @ around 2 mos.?
At what time does baby gain the ability to sit while being supported?
Baby gains the muscle control an strength to do what around 3 mos. old?
At what time does baby gain the ability to sit unsupported?
aby gains muscle control and coordination of body to do what at 6-7.5 mos. old?
When can babies finally stand and/or (hopefully) walk?
By the end of their first year, babies gain the motor skill. strength, and coordination to do what?
Babies grasp objects by 3-4 mos., reach for objects at 4-6 mos., reach and grab with more coordination at 6 mos., and eventually use the “pincer” grasp to grab and hold small objects at 8-10 mos. What skills are they developing here?
What are the stages of fine motor skill development? At what age do babies grasp, reach, reach and grab, and use pincer grabs, respectively?
What is the universal sequence of production in language development?
Reflexes, Vocabulary Grammar, Comprehension, and Speech Segmentation.
RVGCS
A kind of speech used by caregivers that aids in comprehension, also known as “motherese” or “parentese” is known as what?
Child directed speech.
higher, shorter, simplified “baby talk”
What is speech segmentation?
The ability to hear and idenitfy specific words that are being said in mostly continuous wave pattern is known as?
What concept describes how some sounds combine more frequently than others to create statistical regularities?
What are transitional probabilities in language development?
What is the hybrid theory of language development?
Babies are born with ability to acquire language (LAD) and this acquisition is aided by teaching and reinforcing (learning/behaviorism) that occurs in social context (sociocultural).
When a stimulus is repeated, the brain filters out information that isn’t important and focuses on what’s new or different. This leads to a weaker response to the stimulus. What term is used to describe this process?
What is habituation?
What is implicit memory?
What type of memory is used without conscious awareness, such as with hunger and thirst?
What is explicit memory?
What is memory based on recollection of facts, events, and personal epxeriences? This type of memory requires language to recall.
What is pedagogy?
What is another term for the method or practice of teaching?
What is natural pedagogy?
A human-specific ability to learn cultural information through communication is known as what?
Mom points, baby learns to follow gaze or gesture to learn something.
“Ostensive” means?
The meaning of an expression by pointing to examples of things to which the expression applies (e.g., green is the color of grass, limes, lily pads, and emeralds).
Mom points: “Look, there’s dad!” Baby: looks
What is the coordination of actions, emotions, or physiological processes between people or groups?
What it synchrony?
What is learned from Interpersonal coordination – also referred to as synchrony?
What allows actors (caregivers and children) to adjust their behaviors to one another and thus demonstrate their connectedness to each other?
What is allocare?
Care by other people than the baby’s mother is known as?
