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OU Fall Classes 24' Decks > PSY Unit 2 Learning Objectives > Flashcards

PSY Unit 2 Learning Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

The first 2 years

Infants grow most rapidly in the first ____ years of life.

A

Two

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2
Q

The first 2 years

Typical 2 year olds are ________ their adult height and about _____ their adult
weight

A

half, 1/5

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3
Q

1st 2 years

What concept explains how infant development will increase beyond normal ranges over time to meet the expected height/weight range for age?

A

Catch-up growth

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4
Q

What natural process correlates with typical brain maturation, learning, emotion regulation, academic success, and physiological adjustment?

A

Regular and ample sleep

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5
Q

1st 2 years

An infants ______ ______ begin in the first few months.

A

sleep habits

Devlopment via interaction of genes and care-giving. Nature/Nurture.

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6
Q

Sleep

Newborns sleep ___ - ___ hours a day.

A

15-17

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7
Q

Sleep

Sleep varies not only because of biology (maturation and genes), but
also because of ________.

A

caregiving

nature/nurture

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8
Q

Sleep

Up to 50% of sleep time for babies is ____ sleep. By months, _____ _____ sleep increases.

A

REM, Slow wave

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9
Q

sleep

Deep sleep in which brain waves are very slow is _____ _____ sleep.

A

Slow wave

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10
Q

Sleep

When babies sleep in close proximity to their caregiver it is called _________

A

co-sleeping

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11
Q

Sleep

When caregivers share their immediate bed/sleep area it is called ____.

A

bed-sharing

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12
Q

Sleep

Bed sharing is more safe and calculated when in countries where it is ______ ______.

A

more common

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13
Q

Sleep

Which country prefers co-sleeping over most other countries that prefer bed-sharing?

A

USA

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14
Q

Sleep

What are two continents where bed-sharing is almost always preferred?

A

Asia, Africa

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15
Q

Brain

The brain consist of four lobes. List all four.

A

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital

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16
Q

The ________ lobe is generally where higher executive functions including emotional regulation, planning, reasoning and problem solving occur

A

frontal

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17
Q

Brain

Areas in the ________ lobe are responsible for integrating sensory information, including touch, temperature, pressure and pain.

A

parietal

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18
Q

Brain

The ____________ lobe also contains regions dedicated to processing sensory information, particularly important for hearing, recognising language, and forming memories

A

temporal

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19
Q

Brain

The ________ lobe is the major visual processing centre in the brain

A

Occipital

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20
Q

Brain

Pleasure and pain may arise from another region of the brain, called the _________ _________ a cluster deep in the forebrain that is crucial for emotions and motivation.

A

Lymbic System

Amygdala, Hippocampus, (& hypothalamus and pituitary)

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21
Q

Brain

The volume of the cortex ____ in size from birth to age 2.

A

triples

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22
Q

Brain

Pruning increases brain potential how?

A

Removing unnecessary neurons and synapses from the brain increases its efficiency. Less material to sift through is faster. Only necessary parts are kept.

Rose pruning shapes development of the plant.

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23
Q

________ knowledge includes the understanding that gravity makes objects fall, moving objects are stopped by a solid wall, and adult gaze signals important info.

A

Core

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24
Q

________ Circular Reactions deals with the first two sensorimotor stages dealing with infant’s responses to their own body.

A

Primary

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25
Q

_________ Circular Reactions deals with how baby responds to objects and people.

A

Secondary

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26
Q

________ Circular Reactions deal with action and creative ideas through active experimentation and new means through mental combinations.

A

Tertiary

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27
Q

_________ reactions emphasize how each experience leads to the next; looping back.

A

Circular

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28
Q

What happens in the first stage of primary circular reactions, known as simple reflexes?

A

Reflexes become deliberate; sensation leads to perception, to cognition, and cognition back to sensation in what stage of Piaget’s sensorimotor theory?

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29
Q

The second stage of circular reactions, called ________ ________ __________, begins as the baby’s mind adapts to whatever responses their reflexes elicit.

A

first acquired adaptations

(where assimilation/accommodation occurs)

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30
Q

____________Circular Reactions occur between baby and something else.

A

Secondary

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31
Q

What happens in the third stage of Piaget’s sensorimotor stages, when babies become more visually attentive to people in the room?

A

Making interesting sights last.

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32
Q

Babies gain object permanence in what stage of the sensorimotor stages? This is also called “means to an end.”

A

New adaptation and anticipation.

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33
Q

Piaget describes the concept that objects or people continue to exist when they are not visible, also known as ________ __________.

A

Object permanence.

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34
Q

Stage 5 under Tertiary circular reactions is also known as what? It refers to toddlers who “experiment in order to see.”

A

New means through active experimentation

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35
Q

Stage six, a tertiary circular reaction, is known as what? They will think about consequences, also.

A

Mental combinations

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36
Q

Toddlers remember what they see and repeat it later. What is the term for this?

A

deferred imitation

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37
Q

Piaget’s findings were mostly accurate in describing how babies learn, but his primary mistake was found to be in underestimating what?

A

How rapidly their learning actually occurs.

38
Q

Vygotsky stressed the vital role of _______ _______ in shaping
and advancing infant cognition

A

other people

39
Q

Caregiver and baby attending to the same thing is an example of what?

A

joint attention

40
Q

____________ believed that the child is a social being, and cognitive development is led by social interactions. ___________, on the other hand, felt that the child was more independent and that development was guided by self-centered, focused activities

A

Vygotsky, Piaget

41
Q

Babbling is experience-___________. all babies babble.

A

expectant

42
Q

The realization that one’s body, mind, and activities are disctinct from those of other people.

A

Self-awareness

43
Q

The biological core of differences in style of approach and response to the environment that is stable across time and situations is called _________.

A

Temperament

44
Q

____________ traits are heavily influenced by parents and culture, wheras ____________ traits arise from genes.

A

Personality, temperamental

45
Q

Infants with difficult temperaments are more likely to what? Especially if the pregnancy was hard and their caregivers are depressed or anxious.

A

Develop emotional problems.

46
Q

What are the three traits of temperament meaning easy-going, slow-to-warm, and active, respectively?

A

Effortful control, Negative Mood, Exuberance.

47
Q

Temperance is not the same as?

A

Personality is not the same as?

48
Q

A mutual exchange with split-second timing is known as what?

A

What is synchrony?

49
Q

If a child is concerned but not overwhelmed by comings and goings this indicates security, type _____.

A

B - Secure

50
Q

If a child plays independently without seeking contact this indicates ________ ________ attachment, type ____.

A

insecure-avoidant, A

51
Q

Infants who cling to caregivers and are angry at being left indicate _________ ________ attachment, type ___.

A

insecure-resistant/ambivalent, C

52
Q

Infants who suddenly switch from hitting to kissing, staring blankly to crying hysterically, pinching themselves to freezing in place indicate _____________ attachment, type ____.

A

disorganized, D

53
Q

_______ _______ means consulting emotions or information from other people.

A

social referencing

54
Q

The rapid proliferation of neural connections at a specific time, and the eventual death of over half of those connections is can be described as?

A

Transient exuberance and pruning refers to what process?

55
Q

Axon bundles make up what structures in the body?

A

Nerves are mostly made of what part of neurons?

56
Q

The first step toward transient exuberance and pruning involves what process?

A

Axon growth and development, known as synaptogenesis, occurs in the first few years of human life. What two processes follow this step in neural development?

57
Q

How does pruning determine which connections stay or get removed?

A

Non-functioning connections, and surplus material unnecessary for neural efficiency witll be removed in which process of neural dvelopment?

58
Q

What is another term for the things we expect to see in development for anyone for normal human experience?

A

What is experience-expectant brain function?

59
Q

All babies develop language, and all humans have emotions. These are examples of what?

A

What are two examples of experience-expectant brain function?

60
Q

The specific language and responses to life’s experiences that are learned over time describe what?

A

What constitutes experience-dependent behavior?

61
Q

What two factors help to influence experience-dependent behavior?

A

What are impoverishment and enrichment examples of?

62
Q

What behavioral issues develop when babies are given the bare minimum of care?

A

What is indicated in development when IQ is hampered and social interaction is damaged?

63
Q

What is occuring when babies have a good basic level of care and a good amount of social interaction?

A

What factors facilitate enrichment?

64
Q

What are symptoms of overstimulation?

A

Raised cortisol levels, atypical stress responses, hypervigilance, and anxiety can result from what developmental care factor?

65
Q

What sense is developed in the womb, before birth?

A

When is hearing developed?

66
Q

How does baby’s vision develop?

A

What sense is poor in acuity at birth, but gets better rather quickly during myelenation (neural developmental spike)?

67
Q

At ~13 weeks, baby gains depth perception by developing what trait of vision?

A

Binocular vision develops when?

68
Q

What sense is fully developed before birth?

A

How well are taste and smell developed, prenatally?

69
Q

What senses are difficult to measure?

A

What is the trouble with pain and pleasure?

70
Q

Heart rate, hormones, and blood pressure readings help us to see what in babies?

A

Pain and pleasure can be somewhat measured how?

71
Q

What are gross motor skills?

A

Moving the larger muscles of the body aided by “tummy time” develops what?

72
Q

How much time does it take for baby to control their head (approx.)?

A

What part of the body can be controlled by baby @ around 2 mos.?

73
Q

At what time does baby gain the ability to sit while being supported?

A

Baby gains the muscle control an strength to do what around 3 mos. old?

74
Q

At what time does baby gain the ability to sit unsupported?

A

aby gains muscle control and coordination of body to do what at 6-7.5 mos. old?

75
Q

When can babies finally stand and/or (hopefully) walk?

A

By the end of their first year, babies gain the motor skill. strength, and coordination to do what?

76
Q

Babies grasp objects by 3-4 mos., reach for objects at 4-6 mos., reach and grab with more coordination at 6 mos., and eventually use the “pincer” grasp to grab and hold small objects at 8-10 mos. What skills are they developing here?

A

What are the stages of fine motor skill development? At what age do babies grasp, reach, reach and grab, and use pincer grabs, respectively?

77
Q

What is the universal sequence of production in language development?

A

Reflexes, Vocabulary Grammar, Comprehension, and Speech Segmentation.

RVGCS

78
Q

A kind of speech used by caregivers that aids in comprehension, also known as “motherese” or “parentese” is known as what?

A

Child directed speech.

higher, shorter, simplified “baby talk”

79
Q

What is speech segmentation?

A

The ability to hear and idenitfy specific words that are being said in mostly continuous wave pattern is known as?

80
Q

What concept describes how some sounds combine more frequently than others to create statistical regularities?

A

What are transitional probabilities in language development?

81
Q

What is the hybrid theory of language development?

A

Babies are born with ability to acquire language (LAD) and this acquisition is aided by teaching and reinforcing (learning/behaviorism) that occurs in social context (sociocultural).

82
Q

When a stimulus is repeated, the brain filters out information that isn’t important and focuses on what’s new or different. This leads to a weaker response to the stimulus. What term is used to describe this process?

A

What is habituation?

83
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

What type of memory is used without conscious awareness, such as with hunger and thirst?

84
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

What is memory based on recollection of facts, events, and personal epxeriences? This type of memory requires language to recall.

85
Q

What is pedagogy?

A

What is another term for the method or practice of teaching?

86
Q

What is natural pedagogy?

A

A human-specific ability to learn cultural information through communication is known as what?

Mom points, baby learns to follow gaze or gesture to learn something.

87
Q

“Ostensive” means?

A

The meaning of an expression by pointing to examples of things to which the expression applies (e.g., green is the color of grass, limes, lily pads, and emeralds).

Mom points: “Look, there’s dad!” Baby: looks

88
Q

What is the coordination of actions, emotions, or physiological processes between people or groups?

A

What it synchrony?

89
Q

What is learned from Interpersonal coordination – also referred to as synchrony?

A

What allows actors (caregivers and children) to adjust their behaviors to one another and thus demonstrate their connectedness to each other?

90
Q

What is allocare?

A

Care by other people than the baby’s mother is known as?

91
Q
A

OU Fall Classes 24' Decks (14 decks)

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