PSY Unit 1 Learning Objectives Flashcards
What are the 4 Descriptive Methods?
- Multidirectional
- Multicontextual
- Multicultural
- Multidisciplinary
What are the three domains of development?
Biosocial
Cognitive
Pyschosocial
What are the main ideas of plasticity?
Human behavior changes.
Human behavior is durable.
It is demonstrated from a Dynamic Systems Approach (DSA)
What is the dynamic systems approach in terms of how it relates to plasticity?
Human development is constantly changing through interaction between domains, systems, and culture.
Domains are?
Fields of thought / academic disciplines.
Systems are?
Methods of thought / Data driven behavior
What is culture?
Constructs of thought in the context of the historical practices and products of social, ethnic, and regional norms, as well as the behavioral expectations of its people; and sharing persists from one group to the next over time.
Name examples of the disciplines found in the Biosocial domain?
biology, neuroscience, medicine
Name examples of the disciplines found in the Cognitive domain?
Psychology, linguistics, education
Name examples of the disciplines found in the Psychosocial Domain?
Economics, sociology, history
List the steps in the scientific method.
Curiosity
Hypothesis
Empirical Test
Conclusion
Disseminate / Replicate
What are the descriptive research methods?
Observation
Survey
Case Study
Correlation Analysis
What is meant by the nature/nurture controversy?
It describes the debate between those who believe behavior stems more from nature than nurture and vice versa.
List one strength and weakness of Observation?
Strength: See the subject’s behavior in their natural environment.
Weakness: Difficult to remain completely anonymous due to subjects being aware of being observed. subject may alter behavior while being watched.
List one strength and one weakness of conducting a survey.
Strength: Gather lots of data really fast.
Weakness: People lie and can skew their answer based on shame.
What is one strength and one weakness of conducting a case study?
Strength: Highly focused research on a singular subject or group.
Weakness: Hard to replicate.
What is true about Correlation?
It measures the linear relationship between two variables.
Correlation does not equal causation.
List one strength and one weakness of Experimental Method
Strength: Details of causation begin to emerge.
Weakness: Researcher competency could be low.
List the 3 observational research methods
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
Cross-sequential
What is cross-sectional design?
Research conducted between two different age groups; comparing results between the two to compare and contrast.
What is Longitudinal design?
Research that takes place with one age group or cohort over an extended period to compare and contrast the results of that group at various developmental stages in their life.
What is Cross-sequential design?
Research conducted with more than one age group or cohort over a long period; is tested intermittently for comparing and contrasting groups as they develop.
What was Freud’s behavioral theory called?
Psychosexual
What behavioral perspective theory did Erickson use?
Psychosocial
What two models of development came from Psychodynamic Theory?
Psychosexual & Psychosexual
What were some problems with Freud’s theory?
The theory was inherently untestable due to its focus on the unconscious mind.
Freud falsely claimed that men had more struggles than women.
When does correlation exist?
When there is a statistical relationship between two variables. Example: Weight and height, night and moonlight.
The values of one variable are associated with the values of another.
Correlation is positive if . . .
Two variables tend to increase or decrease together.
Correlation is negative if . . .
One variable increases while the other decreases.
The variables oppose one another.
Correlation is zero if . . .
no connection between variables is evident.
What is developmental theory?
Statement that provides framework for understanding how and why people change over time.
What are the three Grand Theories?
Psychodynamic
Behaviorist
Cognitive
In what two ways do children build their own knowledge, according to Piaget?
Assimilation, and Accomodation
Realising how new info fits into existing concepts (same schema) is an example of what?
Assimilation
Realising how new info forces changing concepts is an example of what, according to Piaget?
Accomodation
Behaviorism is based on the concept of . . .
Conditioning
What happens after a response is the concern of _______ conditioning?
Operant
Behavior that is learned by watching others is called _______ learning.
Social
Piaget developed the idea that _____ are the link between impulse and action.
thoughts
Thinking, knowledge, and logic changing over time relates to which Grand Theory?
Cognitive
What does the acronym ZPD stand for?
Zone of Proximal Development
How were Freud and Eickson’s theories similar? Provide two examples.
They both believed development occurred sequentially.
Both stressed importance of social experience.
How were Freud and Erickson’s theories different from one another? Give two examples.
Freud believed most development was complete by the end of childhood.
Erickson believed development was a process that continued throughout a person’s life.
Freud utilized a psychosexual approach. Erickson use a psychosocial one.
Reinforcement causes a(n)_______ in behavior
Increase
Punishment causes behavior to ______ or _______.
stop, decrease
Behaviorists believe that behavior follows ________ laws.
Natural
Learning behavior by watching others is called ______ _______.
Social Learning
Assimilation is processing new __________ as it relates to _________ information.
Behavior, existing
_______________ is the process of changing concepts of behavior or thinking based on new information or experiences.
Accommodation
___________ theory states that culture determines what is learned.
Sociocultural
In sociocultural theory, behavior is achieved through _________ participation.
guided
Reproductive cells such as sperm and ova are known as _________.
Gametes
____________ are containers full of genes that contain the instructions for the development of future cells.
Chromosomes
The entirety of genetic instructions within a cell or cells is called a _________.
Genome
Fertilization occurs when . . .
a gamete connects with another gamete to form a zygote.
A _________ is the result of two gametes becoming one.
Zygote
Differentiation is . . .
The process of immature cells becoming mature cells with a specific function. I.e stem cells becoming blood cells.
______ cells are not limited to how many times they can divide.
Stem
__________ twins are dizygotic twins that develop from two _________.
Fraternal, zygotes
_________ twins are monozygotic twins that develop from one _________.
Identical, zygote
The underlying genetic code is known as a person’s
genotype
The physical observable expression of the underlying genotype is called a person’s ____________.
Phenotype
___________ genes have more influence on traits than _________ ones.
dominant, recessive
Recessive genes are genes that are ________ and not dominant. They are only evident in the __________ under certain circumstances.
hidden, phenotype
What is meant by additive heredity?
Genes and alleles are additive because the sum of each effect “adds” up to influence the phenotype.
Many genes influence traits. The term that defines this is __________.
Polygenic
If a pattern is influenced by many factors it is said to be ____________.
multifactorial
Factors that affect gene expression or silence from conception through adulthood are known as ___________.
Epigenetics.
Any variable genetic sequence is known as a(n) ___________.
Allele
When copies of a DNA sequence differs between individuals this is known as _________ ___________ _________.
copy, number, variaton
Flat face, short neck, decreased height, and potential for congenital heart defects describe what chromosomal disorder?
Down Syndrome
Name one chromosomal disorder
Down Syndrome, Klinefelter’s
Expressions of phenotype coming from a specific chromosome within the mother or father are known as parental _____________.
imprinting
Genetic Disorders occur due to changes in _______.
DNA
____________ disorders are genetic disorders that occur when chromosomes or parts of chromosomes are altered.
Chromosomal
Name a genetic disorder and a symptom it causes.
ASD - Autistic Spectrum Disorder, causes impaired social interactions to varying degrees.
The first differentiation of zygote and stem cells into body cells (weeks 0-2) occurs during the ________ period.
Germinal Period
The primitive streak and neural tube begin to form (weeks 2-8) is during the ________ period.
Embryonic
Hormones guide the growth of brain and body, and major organ systems develop (Weeks 8- birth) during the ______ period.
Fetal
Anything that increases the risk of prenatal anomalies and birth complications is known as a __________.
Teratogen
_________ teratogens affect what someone does, not how they appear.
Behavioral
A _______ of teratogens involves multiple factors that build up to result in physical or behavioral disabilities.
Cascade
SGA stands for what?
Small for gestational age
What do the letters in APGAR represent?
Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration. It is a scoring system used to assess newborn health.
A cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information is known as a(n) ____________.
Schema
