PSY Unit 1 Learning Objectives

Question 1

What are the 4 Descriptive Methods?

Answer 1

1. Multidirectional
2. Multicontextual
3. Multicultural
4. Multidisciplinary

Question 2

What are the three domains of development?

Answer 2

Biosocial
Cognitive
Pyschosocial

Question 3

What are the main ideas of plasticity?

Answer 3

Human behavior changes.
Human behavior is durable.
It is demonstrated from a Dynamic Systems Approach (DSA)

Question 4

What is the dynamic systems approach in terms of how it relates to plasticity?

Answer 4

Human development is constantly changing through interaction between domains, systems, and culture.

Question 5

Domains are?

Answer 5

Fields of thought / academic disciplines.

Question 6

Systems are?

Answer 6

Methods of thought / Data driven behavior

Question 7

What is culture?

Answer 7

Constructs of thought in the context of the historical practices and products of social, ethnic, and regional norms, as well as the behavioral expectations of its people; and sharing persists from one group to the next over time.

Question 8

Name examples of the disciplines found in the Biosocial domain?

Answer 8

biology, neuroscience, medicine

Question 9

Name examples of the disciplines found in the Cognitive domain?

Answer 9

Psychology, linguistics, education

Question 10

Name examples of the disciplines found in the Psychosocial Domain?

Answer 10

Economics, sociology, history

Question 11

List the steps in the scientific method.

Answer 11

Curiosity
Hypothesis
Empirical Test
Conclusion
Disseminate / Replicate

Question 12

What are the descriptive research methods?

Answer 12

Observation
Survey
Case Study
Correlation Analysis

Question 13

What is meant by the nature/nurture controversy?

Answer 13

It describes the debate between those who believe behavior stems more from nature than nurture and vice versa.

Question 14

List one strength and weakness of Observation?

Answer 14

Strength: See the subject’s behavior in their natural environment.
Weakness: Difficult to remain completely anonymous due to subjects being aware of being observed. subject may alter behavior while being watched.

Question 15

List one strength and one weakness of conducting a survey.

Answer 15

Strength: Gather lots of data really fast.
Weakness: People lie and can skew their answer based on shame.

Question 16

What is one strength and one weakness of conducting a case study?

Answer 16

Strength: Highly focused research on a singular subject or group.
Weakness: Hard to replicate.

Question 17

What is true about Correlation?

Answer 17

It measures the linear relationship between two variables.

Correlation does not equal causation.

Question 18

List one strength and one weakness of Experimental Method

Answer 18

Strength: Details of causation begin to emerge.
Weakness: Researcher competency could be low.

Question 19

List the 3 observational research methods

Answer 19

Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
Cross-sequential

Question 20

What is cross-sectional design?

Answer 20

Research conducted between two different age groups; comparing results between the two to compare and contrast.

Question 21

What is Longitudinal design?

Answer 21

Research that takes place with one age group or cohort over an extended period to compare and contrast the results of that group at various developmental stages in their life.

Question 22

What is Cross-sequential design?

Answer 22

Research conducted with more than one age group or cohort over a long period; is tested intermittently for comparing and contrasting groups as they develop.

Question 23

What was Freud’s behavioral theory called?

Answer 23

Psychosexual

Question 24

What behavioral perspective theory did Erickson use?

Answer 24

Psychosocial

Question 25

What two models of development came from Psychodynamic Theory?

Answer 25

Psychosexual & Psychosexual

Question 26

What were some problems with Freud's theory?

Answer 26

The theory was inherently untestable due to its focus on the unconscious mind. Freud falsely claimed that men had more struggles than women.

Question 27

When does correlation exist?

Answer 27

When there is a statistical relationship between two variables. Example: Weight and height, night and moonlight. | The values of one variable are associated with the values of another.

Question 28

Correlation is positive if . . .

Answer 28

Two variables tend to increase or decrease together.

Question 29

Correlation is negative if . . .

Answer 29

One variable increases while the other decreases. | The variables oppose one another.

Question 30

Correlation is zero if . . .

Answer 30

no connection between variables is evident.

Question 31

What is developmental theory?

Answer 31

Statement that provides framework for understanding how and why people change over time.

Question 32

What are the three Grand Theories?

Answer 32

Psychodynamic Behaviorist Cognitive

Question 33

In what two ways do children build their own knowledge, according to Piaget?

Answer 33

Assimilation, and Accomodation

Question 34

Realising how new info fits into existing concepts (same schema) is an example of what?

Answer 34

Assimilation

Question 35

Realising how new info forces changing concepts is an example of what, according to Piaget?

Answer 35

Accomodation

Question 36

Behaviorism is based on the concept of . . .

Answer 36

Conditioning

Question 37

What happens after a response is the concern of _______ conditioning?

Answer 37

Operant

Question 38

Behavior that is learned by watching others is called _______ learning.

Answer 38

Social

Question 39

Piaget developed the idea that _____ are the link between impulse and action.

Answer 39

thoughts

Question 40

Thinking, knowledge, and logic changing over time relates to which Grand Theory?

Answer 40

Cognitive

Question 41

What does the acronym ZPD stand for?

Answer 41

Zone of Proximal Development

Question 42

How were Freud and Eickson's theories similar? Provide two examples.

Answer 42

They both believed development occurred sequentially. Both stressed importance of social experience.

Question 43

How were Freud and Erickson's theories different from one another? Give two examples.

Answer 43

Freud believed most development was complete by the end of childhood. Erickson believed development was a process that continued throughout a person's life. | Freud utilized a psychosexual approach. Erickson use a psychosocial one.

Question 44

Reinforcement causes a(n)_______ in behavior

Answer 44

Increase

Question 45

Punishment causes behavior to ______ or _______.

Answer 45

stop, decrease

Question 46

Behaviorists believe that behavior follows ________ laws.

Answer 46

Natural

Question 47

Learning behavior by watching others is called ______ _______.

Answer 47

Social Learning

Question 48

Assimilation is processing new __________ as it relates to _________ information.

Answer 48

Behavior, existing

Question 49

_______________ is the process of changing concepts of behavior or thinking based on new information or experiences.

Answer 49

Accommodation

Question 50

___________ theory states that culture determines what is learned.

Answer 50

Sociocultural

Question 51

In sociocultural theory, behavior is achieved through _________ participation.

Answer 51

guided

Question 52

Reproductive cells such as sperm and ova are known as _________.

Answer 52

Gametes

Question 53

____________ are containers full of genes that contain the instructions for the development of future cells.

Answer 53

Chromosomes

Question 54

The entirety of genetic instructions within a cell or cells is called a _________.

Answer 54

Genome

Question 55

Fertilization occurs when . . .

Answer 55

a gamete connects with another gamete to form a zygote.

Question 56

A _________ is the result of two gametes becoming one.

Answer 56

Zygote

Question 57

Differentiation is . . .

Answer 57

The process of immature cells becoming mature cells with a specific function. I.e stem cells becoming blood cells.

Question 58

______ cells are not limited to how many times they can divide.

Answer 58

Stem

Question 59

__________ twins are dizygotic twins that develop from two _________.

Answer 59

Fraternal, zygotes

Question 60

_________ twins are monozygotic twins that develop from one _________.

Answer 60

Identical, zygote

Question 61

The underlying genetic code is known as a person's

Answer 61

genotype

Question 62

The physical observable expression of the underlying genotype is called a person's ____________.

Answer 62

Phenotype

Question 63

___________ genes have more influence on traits than _________ ones.

Answer 63

dominant, recessive

Question 64

Recessive genes are genes that are ________ and not dominant. They are only evident in the __________ under certain circumstances.

Answer 64

hidden, phenotype

Question 65

What is meant by additive heredity?

Answer 65

Genes and alleles are additive because the sum of each effect "adds" up to influence the phenotype.

Question 66

Many genes influence traits. The term that defines this is __________.

Answer 66

Polygenic

Question 67

If a pattern is influenced by many factors it is said to be ____________.

Answer 67

multifactorial

Question 68

Factors that affect gene expression or silence from conception through adulthood are known as ___________.

Answer 68

Epigenetics.

Question 69

Any variable genetic sequence is known as a(n) ___________.

Answer 69

Allele

Question 70

When copies of a DNA sequence differs between individuals this is known as _________ ___________ _________.

Answer 70

copy, number, variaton

Question 70

Flat face, short neck, decreased height, and potential for congenital heart defects describe what chromosomal disorder?

Answer 70

Down Syndrome

Question 70

Name one chromosomal disorder

Answer 70

Down Syndrome, Klinefelter's

Question 70

Expressions of phenotype coming from a specific chromosome within the mother or father are known as parental _____________.

Answer 70

imprinting

Question 71

Genetic Disorders occur due to changes in _______.

Answer 71

DNA

Question 72

____________ disorders are genetic disorders that occur when chromosomes or parts of chromosomes are altered.

Answer 72

Chromosomal

Question 73

Name a genetic disorder and a symptom it causes.

Answer 73

ASD - Autistic Spectrum Disorder, causes impaired social interactions to varying degrees.

Question 74

The first differentiation of zygote and stem cells into body cells (weeks 0-2) occurs during the ________ period.

Answer 74

Germinal Period

Question 75

The primitive streak and neural tube begin to form (weeks 2-8) is during the ________ period.

Answer 75

Embryonic

Question 76

Hormones guide the growth of brain and body, and major organ systems develop (Weeks 8- birth) during the ______ period.

Answer 76

Fetal

Question 77

Anything that increases the risk of prenatal anomalies and birth complications is known as a __________.

Answer 77

Teratogen

Question 78

_________ teratogens affect what someone does, not how they appear.

Answer 78

Behavioral

Question 79

A _______ of teratogens involves multiple factors that build up to result in physical or behavioral disabilities.

Answer 79

Cascade

Question 80

SGA stands for what?

Answer 80

Small for gestational age

Question 81

What do the letters in APGAR represent?

Answer 81

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration. It is a scoring system used to assess newborn health.

Question 82

A cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information is known as a(n) ____________.

Answer 82

Schema