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OU Fall Classes 24' Decks > PSY Unit 1 Learning Objectives > Flashcards

PSY Unit 1 Learning Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 Descriptive Methods?

A
  1. Multidirectional
  2. Multicontextual
  3. Multicultural
  4. Multidisciplinary
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2
Q

What are the three domains of development?

A

Biosocial
Cognitive
Pyschosocial

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3
Q

What are the main ideas of plasticity?

A

Human behavior changes.
Human behavior is durable.
It is demonstrated from a Dynamic Systems Approach (DSA)

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4
Q

What is the dynamic systems approach in terms of how it relates to plasticity?

A

Human development is constantly changing through interaction between domains, systems, and culture.

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5
Q

Domains are?

A

Fields of thought / academic disciplines.

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6
Q

Systems are?

A

Methods of thought / Data driven behavior

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7
Q

What is culture?

A

Constructs of thought in the context of the historical practices and products of social, ethnic, and regional norms, as well as the behavioral expectations of its people; and sharing persists from one group to the next over time.

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8
Q

Name examples of the disciplines found in the Biosocial domain?

A

biology, neuroscience, medicine

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9
Q

Name examples of the disciplines found in the Cognitive domain?

A

Psychology, linguistics, education

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10
Q

Name examples of the disciplines found in the Psychosocial Domain?

A

Economics, sociology, history

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11
Q

List the steps in the scientific method.

A

Curiosity
Hypothesis
Empirical Test
Conclusion
Disseminate / Replicate

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12
Q

What are the descriptive research methods?

A

Observation
Survey
Case Study
Correlation Analysis

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13
Q

What is meant by the nature/nurture controversy?

A

It describes the debate between those who believe behavior stems more from nature than nurture and vice versa.

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14
Q

List one strength and weakness of Observation?

A

Strength: See the subject’s behavior in their natural environment.
Weakness: Difficult to remain completely anonymous due to subjects being aware of being observed. subject may alter behavior while being watched.

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15
Q

List one strength and one weakness of conducting a survey.

A

Strength: Gather lots of data really fast.
Weakness: People lie and can skew their answer based on shame.

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16
Q

What is one strength and one weakness of conducting a case study?

A

Strength: Highly focused research on a singular subject or group.
Weakness: Hard to replicate.

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17
Q

What is true about Correlation?

A

It measures the linear relationship between two variables.

Correlation does not equal causation.

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18
Q

List one strength and one weakness of Experimental Method

A

Strength: Details of causation begin to emerge.
Weakness: Researcher competency could be low.

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19
Q

List the 3 observational research methods

A

Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
Cross-sequential

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20
Q

What is cross-sectional design?

A

Research conducted between two different age groups; comparing results between the two to compare and contrast.

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21
Q

What is Longitudinal design?

A

Research that takes place with one age group or cohort over an extended period to compare and contrast the results of that group at various developmental stages in their life.

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22
Q

What is Cross-sequential design?

A

Research conducted with more than one age group or cohort over a long period; is tested intermittently for comparing and contrasting groups as they develop.

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23
Q

What was Freud’s behavioral theory called?

A

Psychosexual

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24
Q

What behavioral perspective theory did Erickson use?

A

Psychosocial

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25
Q

What two models of development came from Psychodynamic Theory?

A

Psychosexual & Psychosexual

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26
Q

What were some problems with Freud’s theory?

A

The theory was inherently untestable due to its focus on the unconscious mind.

Freud falsely claimed that men had more struggles than women.

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27
Q

When does correlation exist?

A

When there is a statistical relationship between two variables. Example: Weight and height, night and moonlight.

The values of one variable are associated with the values of another.

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28
Q

Correlation is positive if . . .

A

Two variables tend to increase or decrease together.

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29
Q

Correlation is negative if . . .

A

One variable increases while the other decreases.

The variables oppose one another.

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30
Q

Correlation is zero if . . .

A

no connection between variables is evident.

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31
Q

What is developmental theory?

A

Statement that provides framework for understanding how and why people change over time.

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32
Q

What are the three Grand Theories?

A

Psychodynamic
Behaviorist
Cognitive

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33
Q

In what two ways do children build their own knowledge, according to Piaget?

A

Assimilation, and Accomodation

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34
Q

Realising how new info fits into existing concepts (same schema) is an example of what?

A

Assimilation

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35
Q

Realising how new info forces changing concepts is an example of what, according to Piaget?

A

Accomodation

36
Q

Behaviorism is based on the concept of . . .

A

Conditioning

37
Q

What happens after a response is the concern of _______ conditioning?

A

Operant

38
Q

Behavior that is learned by watching others is called _______ learning.

A

Social

39
Q

Piaget developed the idea that _____ are the link between impulse and action.

A

thoughts

40
Q

Thinking, knowledge, and logic changing over time relates to which Grand Theory?

A

Cognitive

41
Q

What does the acronym ZPD stand for?

A

Zone of Proximal Development

42
Q

How were Freud and Eickson’s theories similar? Provide two examples.

A

They both believed development occurred sequentially.

Both stressed importance of social experience.

43
Q

How were Freud and Erickson’s theories different from one another? Give two examples.

A

Freud believed most development was complete by the end of childhood.

Erickson believed development was a process that continued throughout a person’s life.

Freud utilized a psychosexual approach. Erickson use a psychosocial one.

44
Q

Reinforcement causes a(n)_______ in behavior

A

Increase

45
Q

Punishment causes behavior to ______ or _______.

A

stop, decrease

46
Q

Behaviorists believe that behavior follows ________ laws.

A

Natural

47
Q

Learning behavior by watching others is called ______ _______.

A

Social Learning

48
Q

Assimilation is processing new __________ as it relates to _________ information.

A

Behavior, existing

49
Q

_______________ is the process of changing concepts of behavior or thinking based on new information or experiences.

A

Accommodation

50
Q

___________ theory states that culture determines what is learned.

A

Sociocultural

51
Q

In sociocultural theory, behavior is achieved through _________ participation.

A

guided

52
Q

Reproductive cells such as sperm and ova are known as _________.

A

Gametes

53
Q

____________ are containers full of genes that contain the instructions for the development of future cells.

A

Chromosomes

54
Q

The entirety of genetic instructions within a cell or cells is called a _________.

A

Genome

55
Q

Fertilization occurs when . . .

A

a gamete connects with another gamete to form a zygote.

56
Q

A _________ is the result of two gametes becoming one.

A

Zygote

57
Q

Differentiation is . . .

A

The process of immature cells becoming mature cells with a specific function. I.e stem cells becoming blood cells.

58
Q

______ cells are not limited to how many times they can divide.

A

Stem

59
Q

__________ twins are dizygotic twins that develop from two _________.

A

Fraternal, zygotes

60
Q

_________ twins are monozygotic twins that develop from one _________.

A

Identical, zygote

61
Q

The underlying genetic code is known as a person’s

A

genotype

62
Q

The physical observable expression of the underlying genotype is called a person’s ____________.

A

Phenotype

63
Q

___________ genes have more influence on traits than _________ ones.

A

dominant, recessive

64
Q

Recessive genes are genes that are ________ and not dominant. They are only evident in the __________ under certain circumstances.

A

hidden, phenotype

65
Q

What is meant by additive heredity?

A

Genes and alleles are additive because the sum of each effect “adds” up to influence the phenotype.

66
Q

Many genes influence traits. The term that defines this is __________.

A

Polygenic

67
Q

If a pattern is influenced by many factors it is said to be ____________.

A

multifactorial

68
Q

Factors that affect gene expression or silence from conception through adulthood are known as ___________.

A

Epigenetics.

69
Q

Any variable genetic sequence is known as a(n) ___________.

A

Allele

70
Q

When copies of a DNA sequence differs between individuals this is known as _________ ___________ _________.

A

copy, number, variaton

70
Q

Flat face, short neck, decreased height, and potential for congenital heart defects describe what chromosomal disorder?

A

Down Syndrome

70
Q

Name one chromosomal disorder

A

Down Syndrome, Klinefelter’s

70
Q

Expressions of phenotype coming from a specific chromosome within the mother or father are known as parental _____________.

A

imprinting

71
Q

Genetic Disorders occur due to changes in _______.

A

DNA

72
Q

____________ disorders are genetic disorders that occur when chromosomes or parts of chromosomes are altered.

A

Chromosomal

73
Q

Name a genetic disorder and a symptom it causes.

A

ASD - Autistic Spectrum Disorder, causes impaired social interactions to varying degrees.

74
Q

The first differentiation of zygote and stem cells into body cells (weeks 0-2) occurs during the ________ period.

A

Germinal Period

75
Q

The primitive streak and neural tube begin to form (weeks 2-8) is during the ________ period.

A

Embryonic

76
Q

Hormones guide the growth of brain and body, and major organ systems develop (Weeks 8- birth) during the ______ period.

A

Fetal

77
Q

Anything that increases the risk of prenatal anomalies and birth complications is known as a __________.

A

Teratogen

78
Q

_________ teratogens affect what someone does, not how they appear.

A

Behavioral

79
Q

A _______ of teratogens involves multiple factors that build up to result in physical or behavioral disabilities.

A

Cascade

80
Q

SGA stands for what?

A

Small for gestational age

81
Q

What do the letters in APGAR represent?

A

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration. It is a scoring system used to assess newborn health.

82
Q

A cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information is known as a(n) ____________.

A

Schema

OU Fall Classes 24' Decks (14 decks)

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