PSY Test Two

Question 1

Six human senses

Answer 1

Vision, hearing, balance, touch, taste, smell

Question 2

Process in which a sense organ changes physical energy into electrical signals that become neural impulses which can then be sent to the brain for processing

Answer 2

Transduction

Question 3

The decreasing response of the sense organs the more one is exposed to a continuous level of stimulation

Answer 3

Adaptation

Question 4

Meaningless pieces of information that result when the brain processes electrical signals that come from sense organs

Answer 4

Sensations

Question 5

Meaningful sensory experiences from combined sensations

Answer 5

Perceptions

Question 6

One particular segment of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see because these waves are the right length to stimulate receptors in eyes

Answer 6

Visual spectrum

Question 7

The rounded transparent covering over the front of your eye

Answer 7

Cornea

Question 8

Round opening at the front of your eye that allows light waves to pass into the eye’s interior

Answer 8

Pupil

Question 9

The muscle that allows the pupil to grow larger or smaller

Answer 9

Iris

Question 10

A circular muscle that surrounds the pupil and controls the amount of light entering the eye

Answer 10

Iris

Question 11

A transparent oval structure whose curved surface bends in focuses lightwaves into an even narrower beam

Answer 11

Lens

Question 12

This is located at the back of the eyeball and is a thin film that contains cells that are extremely sensitive to light

Answer 12

Retina

Question 13

What causes how good you see

Answer 13

The shape of your eyeballs

Question 14

This results with the eyeball is too long. near objects are clear but distant objects are blurry

Answer 14

Nearsightedness

Question 15

This occurs when the eyeballs are too short and distant objects are clear but near objects are blurry

Answer 15

Farsightedness

Question 16

How many layers of cells does the retina have

Answer 16

Three

Question 17

The back layer of the retina has two kinds of what

Answer 17

Photoreceptors

Question 18

This structure carries impulses toward the brain

Answer 18

Optic nerve

Question 19

Each eye has about this many rods and most of them are located in the retinas periphery

Answer 19

120 million

Question 20

The chemical in rods

Answer 20

Rhodopsin

Question 21

These are photoreceptors that contain a single chemical and allow us to see only black white and shades of gray

Answer 21

Rods

Question 22

are photoreceptors that contain three chemicals Called opsins and these allow us to see color

Answer 22

Cones

Question 23

The blank does some initial processing of vision

Answer 23

Thalamus

Question 24

The man whose research laid the basis for a theory of how you see colors called the trichromatic

Answer 24

Thomas young

Question 25

Thomas Young is associated with what theory

Answer 25

Trichromatic

Question 26

This theory says that there are three different kinds of cones in the retina and each cone contains one of three different light-sensitive chemicals called opsins

Answer 26

Trichromatic

Question 27

A visual sensation that continues after the original stimulus is removed

Answer 27

Afterimage

Question 28

This theory says that ganglion cells in the retina and cells in the thalamus of the brain respond to two pairs of colors red and green, and blue and yellow

Answer 28

Opponent- process

Question 29

The inability to distinguish two or more shades in the color spectrum

Answer 29

Color blindness

Question 30

These people have total colorblindness . Their world look like black-and-white movies

Answer 30

Monochromats

Question 31

These people usually have trouble distinguishing red from green because they have just two kinds of cones

Answer 31

Dichromats

Question 32

The stimuli for hearing

Answer 32

Soundwaves

Question 33

This is your subjective experience of the sounds intensity

Answer 33

Loudness

Question 34

This is our subjective experience of a sound being high or low

Answer 34

Pitch

Question 35

A unit to measure loudness

Answer 35

Decibel

Question 36

The Outer ear consists of these three structures

Answer 36

External ear, auditory canal, and tympanic membrane

Question 37

In oval-shaped structure that protrudes from the side of the head

Answer 37

External ear

Question 38

A long tube that funnels soundwaves down its length so that the waves strike a taut membrane

Answer 38

Auditory canal

Question 39

Another name for eardrum

Answer 39

Tympanic membrane

Question 40

A bony Cavity that is sealed at each end by membranes

Answer 40

Middle ear

Question 41

The three tiny bones in the middle ear

Answer 41

Ossicles

Question 42

The three ossicles in order of when they function

Answer 42

Hammer, anvil, stirrup

Question 43

The two main structures of the inner ear

Answer 43

Vestibular system and cochlea

Question 44

Miniature cells that stick up from the cochlea’s bottom membrane

Answer 44

Hair cells

Question 45

The cochlea’s bottom membrane is called

Answer 45

Basilar

Question 46

A band of fibers that carry nerve impulses to the auditory cortex of the brain for processing

Answer 46

Auditory nerve

Question 47

This theory applies only to low pitched sounds and it says that the rate at which their impulses reach the brain determines how low the pitch of the sound

Answer 47

Frequency theory

Question 48

This theory says that the brain determines medium to higher pitched sounds on the basis of the place on the basilar membrane where maximum vibration occurs

Answer 48

Place theory

Question 49

The vestibular system which is located above the cochlea in the inner ear includes how many semicircular canals

Answer 49

Tree

Question 50

This system uses information on the position of your head to indicate whether you’re standing on your hands or your feet

Answer 50

Vestibular system

Question 51

This disease results from a malfunction of the semicircular canals of the vestibular system

Answer 51

Meniere’s disease

Question 52

This results from malfunction of the semicircular canals of the vestibular system and the symptoms are dizziness and nausea

Answer 52

Vertigo

Question 53

This is called a chemical sense because the stimuli are various chemicals

Answer 53

Taste

Question 54

The five basic tastes

Answer 54

Sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, umami

Question 55

This taste is A meaty – cheesy taste found in cheese meat and pizza

Answer 55

Umami

Question 56

These are shaped like miniature onions and are the receptors for taste

Answer 56

Taste buds

Question 57

Someone that has double the amount of the normal taste buds

Answer 57

Supertaster

Question 58

This is when we combine the sensations of taste and smell

Answer 58

Flavor

Question 59

A chemical sense because it’s stimuli are various chemicals that are carried by the air

Answer 59

Olfaction

Question 60

These are the receptors for smell and are located into 1 in.² patches of tissue in the uppermost part of the nasal passages

Answer 60

Olfactory cells

Question 61

This sense includes pressure, temperature, and pain

Answer 61

Touch

Question 62

How many layers of skin do we have?

Answer 62

Three

Question 63

This receptor has distinctive layers like a slice of onion and it is highly sensitive to touch and it is the only receptor that responds to vibration and adapts very quickly

Answer 63

Pacinian corpuscle

Question 64

This is triggered by the presence of a variety of contaminated or offensive things including foods body products and Gore

Answer 64

Disgust

Question 65

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that may result from tissue damage, one’s thoughts or beliefs, or environmental stressors

Answer 65

Pain

Question 66

This theory of pain says that nonpainful nerve impulses compete with pain impulses in trying to reach the brain

Answer 66

Gate control theory

Question 67

A procedure in which I trained practitioner inserts thin needles into various points on the body surface and then manually twirls or electrically stimulates the needles

Answer 67

Acupuncture

Question 68

This kind of deafness can be caused by wax in the auditory canal, injury to the tympanic membrane, or malfunction of the ossicles

Answer 68

Conduction

Question 69

This kind of deafness can because by damage to the auditory receptors, which prevents the production of impulses, or by damage to the auditory nerve, which prevents nerve impulses from reaching the brain

Answer 69

Neural

Question 70

A miniature electronic device that is surgically implanted into the cochlea and changes soundwaves into electrical signals that are fed into the auditory nerve which carries them to the brain for processing

Answer 70

Cochlear implant

Question 71

gamma rays, x rays, and uv waves are blank waves

Answer 71

short

Question 72

radar, fm, tv, and am waves are blank waves

Answer 72

long

Question 73

what structure performs transduction in a human

Answer 73

eyes

Question 74

7 steps of vision ilcpilr

Answer 74

image reversed, light waves, cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina

Question 75

rounded transparent cover over eye that gathers light and narrows it

Answer 75

cornea

Question 76

absorbs light and dilates and contracts due to the iris muscle

Answer 76

pupil/iris

Question 77

focuses light waves into an even narrower beam

Answer 77

lens

Question 78

Photoreceptor that has one chemical rhodopsin and only needs a little light to be activated

Answer 78

Rods

Question 79

film that has photoreceptor cells that absorb light waves and start transduction

Answer 79

retina

Question 80

Chemical in rods

Answer 80

Rhodopsin

Question 81

Photoreceptors that contains three chemicals called opsins and need bright light to work

Answer 81

Cones

Question 82

Chemicals in cones

Answer 82

Opsins

Question 83

Funnels sound

Answer 83

External ear and auditory canal

Question 84

Vibrates and sends them to middle ear

Answer 84

Tympanic membrane

Question 85

Attached to the back of tympanic membrane

Answer 85

Hammer

Question 86

Receives vibrations from hammer

Answer 86

Anvil

Question 87

Sends vibrations to inner ear

Answer 87

Stirrup

Question 88

Transforms vibrations into nerve impulses

Answer 88

Cochlea

Question 89

Semi circular canals above cochlea that are involved in balance because its filled with fluid

Answer 89

Vestibular system

Question 90

a point above which a stimulus is perceived and below which it is not perceived. also determines when we first become aware of a stimulus

Answer 90

threshold

Question 91

The idea that there is an absolute threshold was proposed by

Answer 91

gustav fechner

Question 92

first defined the absolute threshold as the smallest amount of stimulus energy (such as sound or light) that can be observed or experienced

Answer 92

gustav fechner

Question 93

is the intensity level of a stimulus such that a person will have a 50% chance of detecting it.

Answer 93

absolute threshold

Question 94

has an intensity that gives a person less than a 50% chance of detecting the stimulus.

Answer 94

subliminal stimulus

Question 95

or JND, refers to the smallest increase or decrease in the intensity of a stimulus that a person is able to detect.

Answer 95

just noticeable difference

Question 96

states that the increase in intensity of a stimulus needed to produce a just noticeable difference grows in proportion to the intensity of the initial stimulus.

Answer 96

weber’s law

Question 97

at higher sound intensities, you need a blank difference to detect a just noticeable difference between the loudness of two sounds

Answer 97

larger

Question 98

at lower intensities, you need a blank difference in order to detect a just noticeable difference between the loudness of two sounds

Answer 98

small

Question 99

is our first awareness of some outside stimulus

Answer 99

sensation

Question 100

is the experience we have after our brain assembles and combines thousands of individual, meaningless sensations into a meaningful pattern or image

Answer 100

perception

Question 101

first step of perceptual process activates sense receptors in the eyes, ears, skin, nose, or mouth

Answer 101

stimulus

Question 102

second step of perceptual process. The light waves are absorbed by photoreceptors, which change physical energy into electrical signals

Answer 102

transduction

Question 103

third step of perceptual process

Answer 103

primary brain areas

Question 104

fourth step of perceptual process

Answer 104

association areas of brain

Question 105

believed that you add together hundreds of basic elements to form complex perceptions.

Answer 105

structuralists

Question 106

believed that our brains follow a set of rules that specify how individual elements are to be organized into a meaningful pattern, or perception.

Answer 106

gestalt psychologists

Question 107

which were identified by Gestalt psychologists, specify how our brains combine and organize individual pieces or elements into a meaningful perception.

Answer 107

rules of organization

Question 108

states that, in organizing stimuli, we tend to automatically distinguish between a figure and a ground

Answer 108

figure ground rule

Question 109

states that, in organizing stimuli, we group together elements that appear similar.

Answer 109

similarity rule

Question 110

states that, in organizing stimuli, we tend to fill in any missing parts of a figure and see the figure as complete.

Answer 110

closure rule

Question 111

states that, in organizing stimuli, we group together objects that are physically close to one another.

Answer 111

proximity rule

Question 112

states that stimuli are organized in the simplest way possible.

Answer 112

simplicity rule

Question 113

states that, in organizing stimuli, we tend to favor smooth or continuous paths when interpreting a series of points or lines.

Answer 113

continuity rule

Question 114

refers to our Tendency to perceive sizes, shapes, brightness, and colors as remaining the same even though their physical characteristics are constantly changing

Answer 114

perceptual constancy

Question 115

refers to our Tendency to perceive objects as remaining the same size even when their images on the retina are continually growing or shrinking.

Answer 115

size constancy

Question 116

refers to your Tendency to perceive an object as retaining its same shape even though when you view it from different angles, its shape is continually changing its image on the retina.

Answer 116

shape constancy

Question 117

refers to the Tendency to perceive brightness as remaining the same in changing illumination.

Answer 117

brightness constancy

Question 118

refers to the Tendency to perceive colors as remaining stable despite differences in lighting.

Answer 118

color constancy

Question 119

four constancies in perceptual constancy

Answer 119

color, brightness, shape, size

Question 120

refers to the ability of your eye and brain to add a third dimension, depth, to all visual perceptions, even though images projected on the retina are in only two dimensions, height and width

Answer 120

depth perception

Question 121

two classes of depth perception

Answer 121

binocular and monocular

Question 122

these depth cues depend on the movement of both eyes

Answer 122

binocular

Question 123

refers to a binocular cue for depth perception based on signals sent from muscles that turn the eyes.

Answer 123

convergence

Question 124

refers to a binocular depth cue that depends on the distance between the eyes

Answer 124

retinal disparity

Question 125

depth cues are produced by signals from a single eye

Answer 125

monocular

Question 126

is a monocular depth cue that results as parallel lines come together, or converge, in the distance.

Answer 126

linear perspective

Question 127

is a monocular cue for depth that results when we expect two objects to be the same size and they are not

Answer 127

relative size

Question 128

is a monocular cue for depth perception that comes into play when objects overlap.

Answer 128

interposition

Question 129

make up monocular cues for depth perception: Brightly lit objects appear closer, while objects in shadows appear farther away.

Answer 129

light and shadow

Question 130

is a monocular depth cue in which areas with sharp, detailed texture are interpreted as being closer and those with less sharpness and poorer detail are perceived as more distant

Answer 130

texture gradient

Question 131

is a monocular depth cue that is created by the presence of dust, smog, clouds, or water vapor.

Answer 131

atmospheric perspective

Question 132

is a monocular depth cue based on the speed of moving objects. We perceive objects that appear to be moving at high speed as closer to us than those moving more slowly or appearing stationary.

Answer 132

motion parallax

Question 133

is a perceptual experience in which you perceive an image as being so strangely distorted that, in reality, it cannot and does not exist

Answer 133

illusion

Question 134

named after its designer, shows that our perception of size can be distorted by changing depth cues.

Answer 134

ames room

Question 135

illusion where farther objects may be the same size as close objects but we perceive farther to be bigger even if it’s not

Answer 135

ponzo illusion

Question 136

illusion of arrows being different lengths depending on inward or outward cues

Answer 136

muller-lyer

Question 137

is a brief auditory or visual message that is presented below the absolute threshold, which means that there is less than a 50% chance that the message will be perceived

Answer 137

subliminal message

Question 138

are persuasive pressures that encourage members of a particular society or ethnic group to conform to shared behaviors, values, and beliefs.

Answer 138

cultural influences

Question 139

is a perceptual experience in which a drawing seems to defy basic geometric laws

Answer 139

impossible figure

Question 140

are learned expectations that are based on our personal, social, or cultural experiences.

Answer 140

perceptual sets

Question 141

is a group of psychic experiences that involve perceiving or sending information (images) outside normal sensory processes or channels.

Answer 141

esp (extrasensory perception)

Question 142

is the ability to transfer one’s thoughts to another or to read the thoughts of others

Answer 142

telepathy

Question 143

four abilities of esp

Answer 143

telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, and psychokinesis

Question 144

ability to foretell evetns

Answer 144

precognition

Question 145

ability to perceive events or objects that are out of sight

Answer 145

clairvoyance

Question 146

is the ability to exert mind over matter—for example, by moving objects without touching them

Answer 146

psychokinesis

Question 147

refers to the processing of information or transfer of energy by methods that have no known physical or biological mechanisms and that seem to stretch the laws of physics.

Answer 147

psi

Question 148

is a controlled method for eliminating trickery, error, and bias while testing telepathic communication between a sender—the person who sends the message—and a receiver—the person who receives the message.

Answer 148

ganzfeld procedure

Question 149

father of flashing lights to make them look like they’re moving

Answer 149

max wertheimer

Question 150

refers to the illusion that lights that are actually stationary seem to be moving.

Answer 150

phi movement

Question 151

refers to your perception of any stimulus or object that actually moves in space

Answer 151

real motion

Question 152

refers to an illusion that a stimulus or object is moving in space when, in fact, the stimulus or object is stationary

Answer 152

apparent motion

Question 153

refers to a perceptual experience of being inside an object, moving through an environment, or carrying out some action that is created or simulated by computer.

Answer 153

virtual reality

Question 154

virtual reality can be used to treat

Answer 154

phobias

Question 155

Results from a mismatch between vestibular and visual systems

Answer 155

Motion sickness

Question 156

Results from. Malfunction of the semicircular canals of the vestibular system

Answer 156

Meneiere’s disease/vertigo

Question 157

Molecules must blank to stimulate taste buds

Answer 157

Dissolve

Question 158

Blank produce nerve impulses and send them to the blank lobe

Answer 158

Taste buds, parietal

Question 159

Four steps of olfaction

Answer 159

Stimulus, olfactory cells, sensations and memories, function of olfaction

Question 160

Name two functions of olfaction

Answer 160

Identify taste of food, warn of dangerous foods

Question 161

Pacinian corpuscle is the blank skin layer and is the largest touch sensor

Answer 161

Fatty

Question 162

The somatosensory cortex is in the blank lobe and it transforms blank into sensations of touch temp and pain

Answer 162

Parietal, nerve impulses

Question 163

Who came up with JND

Answer 163

E.H. Weber

Question 164

refers to different levels of awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings

Answer 164

consciousness

Question 165

refers to a wide range of experiences, from being acutely aware and alert to being totally unaware and unresponsive.

Answer 165

continuum of consciousness

Question 166

are activities that require full awareness, alertness, and concentration to reach some goal

Answer 166

controlled processes

Question 167

are activities that require little awareness, take minimal attention, and do not interfere with other ongoing activities.

Answer 167

automatic processes

Question 168

is an activity that requires a low level of awareness, often occurs during automatic processes, and involves fantasizing or dreaming while awake.

Answer 168

daydreaming

Question 169

result from using any number of procedures—such as meditation, psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, or sleep deprivation—to produce an awareness that differs from normal consciousness.

Answer 169

altered states of consciousness

Question 170

consists of five different stages that involve different levels of awareness, consciousness, and responsiveness, as well as different levels of physiological arousal.

Answer 170

sleep

Question 171

is a unique state of consciousness in which we are asleep but experience a variety of astonishing visual, auditory, and tactile images, often connected in strange ways and often in color

Answer 171

dreaming

Question 172

blind people from birth have dreams with picture or without

Answer 172

without

Question 173

which can result from disease, trauma blow to the head, or general medical anesthesia, results in total lack of sensory awareness and complete loss of responsiveness to one’s environment.

Answer 173

unconsciousness

Question 174

are internal timing devices that are genetically set to regulate various physiological responses for different periods of time.

Answer 174

biological clocks

Question 175

refers to a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses within a time period of 24 hours (about one day).

Answer 175

circadian rhythm

Question 176

is one of many groups of cells that make up the hypothalamus, which lies in the lower middle of the brain. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a sophisticated biological clock that regulates a number of circadian rhythms, including the sleep-wake cycle.

Answer 176

superchiasmatic nucleus

Question 177

which can be started and stopped like a stopwatch, gauges the passage of seconds, minutes, or hours and helps people and animals time their movements

Answer 177

interval timing clock

Question 178

(also referred to as the midnight-snack clock) regulates eating patterns in people and animals and might be responsible for late-night eating in people

Answer 178

food-entrainable circadian clock

Question 179

is the experience of fatigue, lack of concentration, and reduced cognitive skills that occurs when travelers’ biological circadian clocks are out of step or synchrony with the external clock times at their new locations.

Answer 179

jet lag

Question 180

is the use of bright artificial light to reset circadian clocks and to combat the insomnia and drowsiness that plague shift workers and jet-lag sufferers.

Answer 180

light therapy

Question 181

is a hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland, an oval-shaped group of cells that is located in the center of the human brain. Melatonin secretion increases with darkness and decreases with light.

Answer 181

melatonin

Question 182

refer to distinctive changes in the electrical activity of the brain and accompanying physiological responses of the body that occur as you pass through different phases of sleep.

Answer 182

stages of sleep

Question 183

stage is marked by feelings of being relaxed and drowsy, usually with the eyes closed.

Answer 183

alpha

Question 184

sleep is where you spend approximately 80% of your sleep time.

Answer 184

non-rem

Question 185

sleep is a transition from wakeful-ness to sleep and lasts 1–7 minutes. stage blank

Answer 185

1

Question 186

marks the beginning of what we know as sleep, since subjects who are awakened in this stage report having been asleep.

Answer 186

2

Question 187

About 30–45 minutes after drifting off into sleep, you pass through stage

Answer 187

3

Question 188

which is also called slow-wave or delta sleep, is characterized by waves of very high amplitude and very low frequency (less than 4 cycles per second) called delta waves.

Answer 188

4

Question 189

makes up the remaining 20% of your sleep time.

Answer 189

rem

Question 190

which usually occurs in older people, voluntary muscles are not paralyzed, and sleepers can and do act out their dreams, such as fighting off attackers in dreams

Answer 190

rem behavior disorder

Question 191

refers to individuals spending an increased percentage of time in REM sleep if they were deprived of REM sleep on the previous nights.

Answer 191

rem rebound

Question 192

(score above 74) prefer to get up earlier, go to bed earlier, and engage in Morning activities.

Answer 192

morning person

Question 193

(score below 45) prefer to get up later, go to bed later, and engage in afternoon- evening activities.

Answer 193

evening persons

Question 194

uggests that W activities during the day deplete key factors in our brain or body that are replenished or repaired by sleep

Answer 194

repair theory

Question 195

this theory suggests sleep evolved because it prevented early humans and animals from wasting energy and exposing themselves to the dangers of nocturnal predators

Answer 195

adaptive

Question 196

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus—is a group of cells in the hypothalamus that act like a master switch for sleep

Answer 196

vpn

Question 197

a column of cells that stretches the length of the brain stem, arouses and alerts the forebrain and prepares it to receive information from all the senses.

Answer 197

reticular formation

Question 198

or SAD, is a pattern of depressive symptoms, such as loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities

Answer 198

seasonal affective disorder

Question 199

says that we have a “censor” that protects us from realizing threatening and unconscious desires or wishes, especially those involving sex or aggression.

Answer 199

freud’s theory of dreams

Question 200

theory says that dreaming occurs because brain areas that provide reasoned cognitive control during the waking state are shut down.

Answer 200

activation-synthesis

Question 201

this theory says that dreaming serves a biological function by repeatedly simulating events that are threatening in our waking lives so our brain can practice how it perceives threats and so we can rehearse our responses to these events.

Answer 201

threat simulation

Question 202

refers to difficulties in either going to sleep or staying asleep through the night.

Answer 202

insomnia

Question 203

are rapidly becoming popular sleeping pills because they are fast acting, reduce daytime drowsiness, have fewer cognitive side effects, and are less likely to lead to dependence

Answer 203

nonbenzodiazepines

Question 204

refers to repeated periods during sleep when a person stops breathing for 10 seconds or longer.

Answer 204

sleep apnea

Question 205

is a chronic disorder that is marked by excessive sleepiness, usually in the form of sleep attacks or short periods of sleep throughout the day.

Answer 205

narcolepsy

Question 206

which occur during stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep), are frightening experiences that often start with a piercing scream, followed by sudden waking in a fearful state with rapid breathing and increased heart rate.

Answer 206

night terrors

Question 207

which occur during REM sleep, are very frightening and anxiety-producing images that occur during dreaming

Answer 207

nightmares

Question 208

usually occurs in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep) and consists of getting up and walking while literally sound asleep

Answer 208

sleepwalking

Question 209

three sleep problems

Answer 209

narcolepsy, nightmares, sleepwalking

Question 210

Rises during the day and falls at night that prompts wakefulness

Answer 210

Body temperature

Question 211

We get an average of blank hours of sleep per night

Answer 211

6.9 hrs

Question 212

Amount of rem we get blanks with age

Answer 212

Decreases

Question 213

The blank causes sleep and it is located in the hypothalamus

Answer 213

Vpn

Question 214

Permanent change in behavior that results from previous experience with a certain stimuli and response

Answer 214

Learning

Question 215

Includes unobservable and observable responses

Answer 215

Behavior

Question 216

Three types of learning…

Answer 216

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive learning

Question 217

Type of learning that is paired learning and paired stimuli

Answer 217

Classical conditioning

Question 218

Came up with classical conditioning by using dogs and bells

Answer 218

Ivan pavlov

Question 219

E.l. Thorndike came up with this and used cats getting out of cages

Answer 219

Operant conditioning

Question 220

Learning through observation

Answer 220

Cognitive learning

Question 221

Type of learning that contains the law of effect like learning after doing something successfully once

Answer 221

Operant conditioning

Question 222

Albert Bandung came up with this and used dolls and aggressive adults

Answer 222

Cognitive learning

Question 223

UR, US, CR, CS, NS

Answer 223

Unconditioned and conditioned response/stimuli, neutral stimuli

Question 224

says that if some random actions are followed by a pleasurable consequence or reward, such actions are strengthened and will likely occur in the future.

Answer 224

law of effect

Question 225

refers to a kind of learning in which the consequences that follow some behavior increase or decrease the likelihood of that behavior’s occurrence in the future.

Answer 225

operant conditioning

Question 226

is some stimulus that causes a sensory response, such as being seen, heard, or smelled, but does not produce the reflex being tested.

Answer 226

neutral stimulus

Question 227

is some stimulus that triggers or elicits a physiological reflex, such as salivation or eye blink.

Answer 227

unconditioned stimulus

Question 228

is an unlearned, innate, involuntary physiological reflex that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 228

unconditioned response

Question 229

is a formerly neutral stimulus that has acquired the ability to elicit a response that was previously elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 229

conditioned stimulus

Question 230

which is elicited by the conditioned stimulus, is similar to, but not identical in size or amount to, the unconditioned response.

Answer 230

conditioned response

Question 231

is the tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response

Answer 231

generalization

Question 232

occurs during classical conditioning when an organism learns to make a particular response to some stimuli but not to others.

Answer 232

discrimination

Question 233

refers to a procedure in which a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus and, as a result, the conditioned stimulus tends to no longer elicit the conditioned response.

Answer 233

extinction

Question 234

is the tendency for the conditioned response to reappear after being extinguished even though there have been no further conditioning trials.

Answer 234

spontaneous recovery

Question 235

refers to the usefulness of certain abilities or traits that have evolved in animals and humans and tend to increase their chances of survival, such as finding food, acquiring mates, and avoiding pain and injury.

Answer 235

adaptive value

Question 236

refers to associating a particular sensory cue (smell, taste, sound, or sight) with getting sick and thereafter avoiding that particular sensory cue in the future.

Answer 236

taste-aversion learning

Question 237

this man showed that taste-aversion learning did occur in one trial and, surprisingly, did occur even though there was an hour or more delay between the neutral stimulus (smell or taste) and the unconditioned response (sickness or vomiting).

Answer 237

john garcia

Question 238

refers to the phenomenon that animals and humans are biologically prepared to associate some combinations of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli more easily than others.

Answer 238

preparedness

Question 239

refers to feeling some positive or negative emotion, such as happiness, fear, or anxiety, when experiencing a stimulus that initially accompanied a pleasant or painful event.

Answer 239

conditioned emotional response

Question 240

means that a neural bond or association forms in the brain between the neutral stimulus (tone) and unconditioned stimulus (food).

Answer 240

stimulus substitution

Question 241

says that classical conditioning occurs because two stimuli (neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus) are paired close together in time (are contiguous).

Answer 241

contiguity theory

Question 242

says that an organism learns a predictable relationship between two stimuli such that the occurrence of one stimulus (neutral stimulus) predicts the occurrence of another (unconditioned stimulus).

Answer 242

cognitive perspective

Question 243

refers to feelings of nausea that are elicited by stimuli associated with nausea- inducing chemo therapy treatments.

Answer 243

anticipatory nausea

Question 244

is a procedure based on classical conditioning, in which a person imagines or visualizes fearful or anxiety-evoking stimuli and then immediately uses deep relaxation to overcome the anxiety.

Answer 244

systematic desensitization

Question 245

Also worked on operant conditioning

Answer 245

b.f. skinner

Question 246

is a response that can be modified by its consequences and is a meaningful unit of ongoing behavior that can be easily measured.

Answer 246

operant response

Question 247

is a procedure in which an experimenter successively reinforces behaviors that lead up to or approximate the desired behavior.

Answer 247

shaping

Question 248

is a behavior that increases in frequency because its occurrence is accidentally paired with the delivery of a reinforcer.

Answer 248

superstitious behavior

Question 249

is a consequence that occurs after a behavior and increases the chance that the behavior will occur again.

Answer 249

reinforcement

Question 250

is a consequence that occurs after a behavior and decreases the chance that the behavior will occur again.

Answer 250

punishment

Question 251

is a behavioral disorder, often seen in individuals with mental retardation, that involves eating inedible objects or unhealthy substances

Answer 251

pica

Question 252

refers to the presentation of a stimulus that increases the probability that a behavior will occur again.

Answer 252

positive reinforcement

Question 253

is a stimulus that increases the likelihood that a response will occur again.

Answer 253

positive reinforcer

Question 254

refers to an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus whose removal increases the likelihood that the preceding response will occur again.

Answer 254

negative reinforcement

Question 255

is a stimulus, such as food, water, or sex, that is innately satisfying and requires no learning on the part of the subject to become pleasurable.

Answer 255

primary reinforcer

Question 256

is any stimulus that has acquired its reinforcing power through experience; secondary reinforcers are learned, such as by being paired with primary reinforcers or other secondary reinforcers.

Answer 256

secondary reinforcer

Question 257

refers to presenting an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus after a response. The aversive stimulus decreases the chances that the response will recur.

Answer 257

positive punishment

Question 258

refers to a child refusing to follow directions, carry out a request, or obey a command given by a parent or caregiver.

Answer 258

noncompliance

Question 259

removes reinforcing stimuli after an undesirable response. This removal decreases the chances that the undesired response will recur.

Answer 259

time-out

Question 260

refers to removing a reinforcing stimulus (a child’s allowance) after a response. This removal decreases the chances that the response will recur.

Answer 260

negative punishment

Question 261

refers to a program or rule that determines how and when the occurrence of a response will be followed by a reinforcer.

Answer 261

schedule or reinforcement

Question 262

is a continuous written record that shows an animal’s or a human’s individual responses and reinforcements.

Answer 262

cumulative record

Question 263

means that every occurrence of the operant response results in delivery of the reinforcer.

Answer 263

continuous reinforcement

Question 264

refers to a situation in which responding is reinforced only some of the time.

Answer 264

partial reinforcement

Question 265

four schedules of partial reinforcement

Answer 265

fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, variable interval

Question 266

means that a reinforcer occurs only after a fixed number of responses are made by the subject.

Answer 266

fixed ratio schedule

Question 267

means that a rein-forcer occurs following the first response that occurs after a fixed interval of time.

Answer 267

fixed interval schedule

Question 268

means that a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of correct responses has occurred.

Answer 268

variable ratio

Question 269

means that a reinforcer occurs following the first correct response after an average amount of time has passed.

Answer 269

variable interval

Question 270

is a cue that a behavior will be reinforced.

Answer 270

discriminative stimulus

Question 271

is a mental representation in the brain of the layout of an environment and its features.

Answer 271

cognitive map

Question 272

showed that rats made a cognitive map and did the shortest path without being reinforced

Answer 272

Edward Tolman

Question 273

results from watching, imitating, and modeling and does not require the observer to perform any observable behavior or receive any observable reward.

Answer 273

social cognitive learning

Question 274

a child may learn by observing but then not perform the behavior. This is called the

Answer 274

learning performance distinction

Question 275

emphasizes the importance of observation, imitation, and self-reward in the development and learning of social skills, personal interactions, and many other behaviors.

Answer 275

social cognitive theory

Question 276

Four processes of social cognitive learning

Answer 276

attention, memory, imitation, motivation

Question 277

a mental process marked by the sudden and unexpected solution to a problem: a phenomenon often called the “ah-ha!” experience.

Answer 277

insight

Question 278

man who showed chimps had insight with the banana hanging from a ceiling experiment

Answer 278

kohler

Question 279

refer to innate tendencies or predispositions that may either facilitate or inhibit certain kinds of learning.

Answer 279

biological factors

Question 280

are behavioral biologists who observe and study animal behavior in the animal’s natural environment or under relatively naturalistic conditions.

Answer 280

ethologists

Question 281

refers to inherited tendencies or responses that are displayed by newborn animals when they encounter certain stimuli in their environment.

Answer 281

imprinting

Question 282

Unlike classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive learning, which occur throughout an animal’s life, imprinting occurs best during the first few hours After hatching. This brief time period is called the critical, or sensitive, period.

Answer 282

sensitive period

Question 283

or sensitive, period refers to a relatively brief time during which learning is most likely to occur.

Answer 283

critical

Question 284

this is a method brought from Japan that deals with violin learning

Answer 284

suzuki method

Question 285

is a treatment or therapy that changes or modifies problems or undesirable behaviors by using principles of learning based on operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and social cognitive learning.

Answer 285

behavior modification

Question 286

this treats 2-3 year old autistic children

Answer 286

Lovaas’s program

Question 287

is a training procedure through which a person is made aware of his or her physiological responses, such as muscle activity, heart rate, blood pressure, or temperature.

Answer 287

biofeedback