PSY Test Three Flashcards
is the ability to retain information over time through three processes: encoding (forming), storing, and retrieving.
memory
refers to making mental representations of information so that it can be placed into our memories.
encoding
is the process of placing encoded information into relatively permanent mental storage for later recall.
storing
is the process of getting or recalling information that has been placed into short-term or long-term storage.
retrieving
Three types of memory
sensory, short term, long term
refers to an initial process that receives and holds environmental information in its raw form for a brief period of time, from an instant to several seconds.
sensory memory
also called working memory , refers to another process that can hold only a limited amount of information— an average of seven items—for only a short period of time—2 to 30 seconds.
short term memory
refers to the process of storing almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of time.
long term memory
Two kinds of sensory memory
iconic, auditory/echoic
is a form of sensory memory that automatically holds visual information for about a quarter of a second or more; as soon as you shift your attention, the information disappears.
iconic memory
is a form of sensory memory that holds auditory information for 1 or 2 seconds.
echoic memory
refers to the practice of intentionally repeating or rehearsing information so that it remains longer in short-term memory.
maintenance rehearsal
results when new information enters short-term memory and overwrites or pushes out information that is already there.
interference
is combining separate items of information into a larger unit, or chunk, and then remembering chunks of information rather than individual items.
chunking
is when people’s senses become intertwined
synesthesia
refers to better recall, or improvement in retention, of information presented at the beginning of a task.
primacy effect
refers to better recall, or improvement in retention, of information presented at the end of a task.
the recency effect
refers to better recall of information presented at the beginning and end of a task.
primacy-recency effect
involves memories for facts or events, such as scenes, stories, words, conversations, faces, or daily events. We are aware of and can recall, or retrieve, these kinds of memories
declarative memory
is a type of declarative memory and involves knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions, and language rules.
semantic memory
is a type of declarative memory and involves knowledge of specific events, personal experiences (episodes), or activities, such as naming or describing favorite restaurants, movies, songs, habits, or hobbies.
episodic memory
also called non-declarative memory , involves memories for motor skills (playing tennis), some cognitive skills (learning to read), and emotional behaviors learned through classical conditioning (fear of spiders).
procedural memory
is the transfer of information from short-term into long-term memory without any effort and usually without any awareness.
automatic encoding
involves the transfer of information from short-term into long-term memory either by working hard to repeat or rehearse the information or, especially, by making associations between new and old information.
effortful encoding