PSY Test Four Flashcards
refers to a combination of long-lasting and distinctive behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that typify how we react and adapt to other people and situations.
personality
is an organized attempt to describe and explain how personalities develop and why personalities differ.
theory of personality
emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences, unconscious or repressed thoughts that we cannot voluntarily access, and the conflicts between conscious and unconscious forces that influence our feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.
freud’s psychodynamic theory of personality
are wishes, desires, or thoughts that we are aware of, or can recall, at any given moment.
conscious thoughts
represent wishes, desires, or thoughts that, because of their disturbing or threatening content, we automatically repress and cannot voluntarily access.
unconscious forces
is a Freudian concept that refers to the influence of repressed thoughts, desires, or impulses on our conscious thoughts and behaviors.
unconscious motivation
Freud’s three techniques to uncover the unconsiousness
free association, dream interpretation, analysis of slips of the tongue
is a Freudian technique in which clients are encouraged to talk about any thoughts or images that enter their head; the assumption is that this kind of free-owing, uncensored talking will provide clues to unconscious material.
free association
a Freudian technique of analyzing dreams, is based on the assumption that dreams contain underlying, hidden meanings and symbols that provide clues to unconscious thoughts and desires.
dream interpretation
are mistakes or slips of the tongue that we make in everyday speech; such mistakes, which are often embarrassing, are thought to reflect unconscious thoughts or wishes.
freudian slips
three separate mental processes
id, ego, superego
which is Freud’s first division of the mind to develop, contains two biological drives—sex and aggression—that are the source of all psychic or mental energy;
id
operates to satisfy drives and avoid pain, without concern for moral restrictions or society’s regulations.
pleasure principle
executive Negotiator between Id and Superego
ego
which is Freud’s second division of the mind, develops from the id during infancy
ego
is a policy of satisfying a wish or desire only if there is a socially acceptable outlet available.
reality principle
which is Freud’s third division of the mind, develops from the ego during early childhood;
superego
in Freudian theory, is an uncomfortable feeling that results from inner conflicts between the primitive desires of the id and the moral goals of the superego.
anxiety
are Freudian processes that operate at unconscious levels and that use self-deception or untrue explanations to protect the ego from being overwhelmed by anxiety.
defense mechanisms
involves covering up the true reasons for actions, thoughts, or feelings by making up excuses and incorrect explanations.
rationalization
is refusing to recognize some anxiety-provoking event or piece of information that is clear to others.
denial
falsely and unconsciously attributes your own unacceptable feelings, traits, or thoughts to individuals or objects.
projection
involves substituting behaviors, thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones.
reaction formation
involves transferring feelings about, or response to, an object that causes anxiety to another person or object that is less threatening.
displacement
which is a type of displacement, involves redirecting a threatening or forbidden desire, usually sexual, into a socially acceptable one.
sublimation
is a process in which a child competes with the parent of the same sex for the affections and pleasures of the parent of the opposite sex.
oedipus complex
according to Jung, consists of ancient memory traces and symbols that are passed on by birth and are shared by all peoples in all cultures.
collective unconscious
people who change and renovate Freud’s theories
neo-Freudian
means learning without awareness, such as occurs in experiencing emotional situations or acquiring motor habits.
nondeclarative memory
emphasize our capacity for personal growth, development of our potential, and freedom to choose our destiny.
humanistic theories
means that your perception or view of the world, whether or not it is accurate, becomes your reality.
phenomenological perspective
means that a person’s personality is more than the sum of its individual parts; instead, the individual parts form a unique and total entity that functions as a unit.
holistic view
refers to our inherent tendency to develop and reach our true potentials.
self-actualization
arranges needs in ascending order (figure on left), with biological needs at the bottom and social and personal needs at the top.
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
are physiological needs (food, sleep) and psychological needs (safety, love, esteem) that we try to fulfill if they are not met.
deficiency needs
are those at the higher levels and include the desire for truth, goodness, beauty, and justice.
growth needs
is based on two major assumptions: that personality development is guided by each person’s unique self-actualization tendency, and that each of us has a personal need for positive regard.
self theory
refers to an inborn tendency for us to develop all of our capacities in ways that best maintain and benefit our lives.
self actualizing tendency
refers to how we see or describe ourselves.
self concept
according to Rogers, is based on our actual experiences and represents how we really see ourselves.
real self
according to Rogers, is based on our hopes and wishes and reflects how we would like to see ourselves.
ideal self
includes love, sympathy, warmth, acceptance, and respect, which we crave from family, friends, and people who are important to us.
positive regard
refers to the positive regard we receive if we behave in certain acceptable ways, such as living up to or meeting the standards of others.
conditional postive regard
refers to the warmth, acceptance, and love that others show you because you are valued as a human being even though you may disappoint people by behaving in ways that are different from their standards or values or the way they think.
unconditional positive regard
is a feeling of distress that comes from being tense, stressed, or awkward in social situations and from worrying about and fearing rejection.
shyness
refers to the use of various tools, such as psychological tests or interviews, to measure various characteristics, traits, or abilities in order to understand behaviors and predict future performances or behaviors.
psychological assessment
are used to measure observable or overt traits and behaviors as well as unobservable or covert characteristics
personality tests
include achievement tests, which measure what we have learned; aptitude tests, which measure our potential for learning or acquiring a specific skill; and intelligence tests, which measure our general potential to solve problems, think abstractly, and profit from experience
ability tests
require individuals to look at some meaningless object or ambiguous photo and describe what they see.
projective test
is used to assess personality by showing a person a series of ten inkblots and then asking the person to describe what he or she thinks each image is.
rorschach inkblot test
in dreams, the obvious plot is called blank content
manifest
in dreams, the symbols and not obvious content is the blank content
latent
is characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks (described below).
panic disorder
a period of intense fear or discomfort in which four or more of the following symptoms are present: pounding heart, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, feelings of choking, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, and fear of losing control or dying (APA, 2000).
panic attack
is the anxious or threatening feeling that comes when we interpret or appraise a situation as being more than our psychological resources can adequately handle (Lazarus, 1999).
stress
refers to our initial, subjective evaluation of a situation, in which we balance the demands of a potentially stressful situation against our ability to meet these demands.
primary appraisal
of a situation means that you have already sustained some damage or injury.
harm/loss appraisal
of a situation means that the harm/loss has not yet taken place but you know it will happen in the near future.
threat appraisal
means you have the potential for gain or personal growth but you also need to mobilize your physical energy and psychological resources to meet the challenging situation.
challenge appraisal
is a measure of how much a person’s hand sweats due to physiological arousal and not to normal temperature changes.
galvanic skin response
this activates a stress fighting hormone called blank and activates the sympathetic nervous system
hypothalamus, ACTH
are real and sometimes painful physical symptoms, such as headaches, muscle pains, stomach problems, and increased susceptibility to colds and flu, that are caused by increased physiological arousal that results from psychological factors, such as worry, stress, and anxiety.
psychosomatic symptoms
refers to the body’s reaction to stressful situations during which it goes through a series of three stages—alarm, resistance, and exhaustion—that gradually increase the chances of developing psychosomatic symptoms.
general adaptation syndrome
three stages of GAS
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
is the initial reaction to stress and is marked by activation of the fight-flight response; in turn, the fight-flight response causes physiological arousal.
alarm
is the body’s reaction to continued stress during which most of the physiological responses return to normal levels but the body uses up great stores of energy.
resistance stage
is the body’s reaction to long-term, continuous stress and is marked by actual breakdown in internal organs or weakening of the infection-fighting immune system.
exhaustion stage
refers to how your thoughts, beliefs, and emotions can produce physiological changes that may be either beneficial or detrimental to your health and well-being.
mind-body connection
is based on the finding that thoughts and emotions can change physiological and immune responses.
mind body therapy
is the body’s defense and surveillance network of cells and chemicals that fight off bacteria, viruses, and other foreign or toxic substances.
immune system
is the study of the relationship among three factors: the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), the endocrine system (network of glands that secrete hormones), and psychosocial factors (stressful thoughts, personality traits, and social influences).
psychoneuroimmunology
are those small, irritating, frustrating events that we face daily and that we usually appraise or interpret as stressful experiences.
hassles
are those small, pleasurable, happy, and satisfying experiences that we have in our daily lives.
uplifts
are potentially disturbing, troubling, or disruptive situations, both positive and negative, that we appraise as having a significant impact on our lives.
major life events
is a condition in which a person is unable to cope with or adjust to a major life change.
adjustment disorder
is the awful feeling that results when your attempts to reach some goal are blocked.
frustration
refers to being physically overwhelmed and exhausted, finding the job unrewarding and becoming cynical or detached, and developing a strong sense of ineffectiveness and lack of accomplishment in this particular job (Maslach, 2003).
burnout
is a disabling condition that results from personally experiencing an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury or from witnessing or hearing of such an event happening to a family member or close friend.
PTSD
is the feeling you experience when you must choose between two or more incompatible possibilities or options.
conflict
Deciding between going to a party or seeing a friend involves choosing between two pleasurable options.
approach approach
involves choosing between two situations that both have pleasurable consequences.
approach approach conflict
Deciding between studying for a psychology exam or writing a paper for a history class involves choosing between two undesirable options.
avoidance avoidance
involves choosing between two situations that both have disagreeable consequences.
avoidance-avoidance conflict
Deciding about asking a new acquaintance to lunch and being afraid of being rejected involves a single situation that has both desirable and undesirable possibilities.
approach-avoidance
involves a single situation that has both pleasurable and disagreeable aspects.
approach-avoidance conflict
Five ways to deal with conflict aadci
avoidance, accommodation, domination, compromise, integration
which is a form of cognitive learning, results from watching and modeling and does not require the observer to perform any observable behavior or receive a reinforce
observational learning
is a pleasant and desirable type of stress that is healthful and keeps us engaged in situations.
eustress
is a combination of three personality traits—control, commitment, and challenge—that protect or buffer us from the potentially harmful effects of stressful situations and reduce our chances of developing psychosomatic illnesses.
hardiness
three personality traits of hardiness
control, commitment, challenge
is a relatively stable personality trait that leads to believing and expecting that good things will happen.
optimism
is a relatively stable personality trait that leads to believing and expecting that bad things will happen.
pessimism
referred to a combination of personality traits that included an overly competitive and aggressive drive to achieve, a hostile attitude when frustrated, a habitual sense of time urgency, a rapid and explosive pattern of speaking, and being a work-aholic
type a behavior
was characterized as being easygoing, calm, relaxed, and patient.
type b behavior
is defined as chronic distress in terms of two emotional states: negative affectivity (worry, irritability, gloom) and social inhibition (being shy and reserved, lacking self-assurance).
type d behavior
refers to three factors: having a group or network of family or friends who provide strong social attachments; being able to exchange helpful resources among family or friends; and feeling, or making appraisals, that we have supportive relationships and behaviors.
social support
involves deciding to deal with a potentially stressful situation by using one or both of two different coping patterns: Problem-focused coping means doing something about the particular problem, while emotion-focused coping means dealing withone’s negative feelings.
secondary appraisal
means we try to decrease stress by solving the problem through seeking information, changing our own behavior, or taking whatever action is needed to resolve the difficulty.
problem focused coping
means that we do things primarily to deal with our emotional distress, such as seeking support and sympathy or avoiding or denying the situation.
emotion focused coping
uses a variety of strategies to reduce anxiety, fear, and stressful experiences by changing three different aspects of our lives: thoughts (appraisals), behaviors, and physiological responses.
stress management program
refers to voluntarily learning to control physiological responses, such as muscle activity, blood pressure, or temperature, by recording and displaying these responses.
biofeedback
involves practicing tensing and relaxing the major muscle groups of the body until you are able to relax any groups of muscles at will.
progressive relaxation
involve assuming a comfortable position, closing your eyes, and repeating a sound or concentrating on your breathing so that you clear your head of all thoughts, worrisome and otherwise.
yoga
according to its legal definition, means not knowing the difference between right and wrong.
insanity
is generally defined as a prolonged or recurring problem that seriously interferes with an individual’s ability to live a satisfying personal life and function adequately in society.
mental disorder
is an anxiety disorder characterized by an intense, excessive, and irrational fear that is out of all proportion to the danger elicited by the object or situation.
phobia
phobia of flying
aviophobia
factors that contribute to the development of mental disorders include deficits in cognitive processes, such as having unusual thoughts and beliefs; deficits in processing emotional stimuli, such as under-or overreacting to emotional situations; behavioral problems, such as lacking social skills; and environmental challenges, such as dealing with stressful situations.
cognitive-emotional-behavioral and environmental factors
says that a behavior may be considered abnormal if it occurs rarely or infrequently in relation to the behaviors of the general population.
statistical frequency approach
says that a behavior is considered abnormal if it deviates greatly from accepted social standards, values, or norms.
social norms approach
approach that defines a behavior as psychologically damaging or abnormal if it interferes with the individual’s ability to function in his or her personal life or in society.
maladaptive behavior approach
involves a systematic evaluation of an individual’s various psychological, biological, and social factors, as well as identifying past and present problems, stressors, and other cognitive or behavioral symptoms.
clinical assessment
is one method of gathering information about a person’s past and current behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, emotions, and problems.
clinical interview
is a process of matching an individual’s specific symptoms to those that define a particular mental disorder.
clinical diagnosis
describes a uniform system for assessing specific symptoms and matching them to almost 300 different mental disorders.
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (dsm-iv-tr)
(severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia)
psychoses
(less severe forms of psychological conflict, such as anxiety)
neuroses
axis that includes Nine Major Clinical Syndromes
I
axis that includes Personality Disorders that deal with mental state of mind/personality
2
axis that includes personality disorders but refers to physical disorders or conditions
3
axis that includes psychosocial and environmental problems
4
axis that includes global assessment of functioning scale
5
refers to identifying and naming differences among individuals.
labeling
is characterized by excessive or unrealistic worry about almost everything or feeling that something bad is about to happen.
generalized anxiety disorder
drugs that are used to help with generalized anxiety disorder
benzodiazepines
are characterized by irrational, marked, and continuous fear of performing in social situations.
social phobias
formerly called simple phobias, are characterized by marked and persistent fears that are unreasonable and triggered by anticipation of, or exposure to, a specific object or situation (flying, heights, spiders, seeing blood)
specific phobias
is characterized by anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing (graph above) if a panic attack or panic-like symptoms (sudden dizziness or onset of diarrhea) were to occur
agoraphobia
consists of obsessions, which are persistent, recurring irrational thoughts, impulses, or images that a person is unable to control and that interfere with normal functioning, and compulsions, which are irresistible impulses to perform over and over some senseless behavior or ritual
obsessive compulsive disorder
involves gradually exposing the person to the actual anxiety- producing situations or objects that he or she is attempting to avoid and continuing the exposure treatments until the anxiety decreases.
exposure therapy
are marked by a pattern of recurring, multiple, and significant bodily (somatic) symptoms that extend over several years.
somatoform disorders
begins before age 30, lasts several years, and is characterized by multiple symptoms—including pain, gastrointestinal, sexual, and neurological symptoms—that have no physical causes but are triggered by psychological problems or distress
somatization disorder
refers to changing anxiety or emotional distress into real physical, motor, sensory, or neurological symptoms (headaches, nausea, dizziness, loss of sensation, paralysis) for which no physical or organic cause can be identified (
conversion disorder
is a condition experienced by a group of people who, through suggestion, observation, or other psychological processes, develop similar fears, delusions, abnormal behaviors, or physical symptoms.
mass hysteria
TKS, is a kind of social phobia characterized by a terrible fear of offending others through awkward social or physical behavior, such as staring, blushing, giving off an offensive odor, having an unpleasant facial expression, or having trembling hands (
taijin kyofusho
refers to a repetitive and persistent pattern of behaving that has been going on for at least a year and that violates the established social rules or the rights of others.
conduct disorder
is a prolonged and disturbed emotional state that affects almost all of a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
mood disorder
is marked by at least two weeks of continually being in a bad mood, having no interest in anything, and getting no pleasure from activities.
major depressive disorder
is marked by fluctuations between episodes of depression and mania
bipolar I disorder
is characterized by being chronically but not continuously depressed for a period of two years.
dysthymic disorder
are genetic, neurological, chemical, and physiological components that may predispose or put someone at risk for developing a mood disorder.
biological factors underlying depression
neurotransmitters that are known to be involved in mood problems
monoamines
such as personality traits, cognitive styles, social supports, and the ability to deal with stressors, interact with predisposing biological factors to put one at risk for developing a mood disorder.
psychosocial factors
act by increasing the levels of a specific group of neurotransmitters (monoamines—serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) that are involved in the regulation of emotions and moods.
antidepressant drugs
involves placing electrodes on the skull and administering a mild electric current that passes through the brain and causes a seizure.
electroconvulsive therapy
is a noninvasive technique that activates neurons by sending pulses of magnetic energy into the brain.
transcranial magnetic stimulation
consists of inflexible, long-standing, maladaptive traits that cause significantly impaired functioning or great distress in one’s personal and social life
personality disorder
personality disorder is a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness and perceiving others as having evil motives (0.5–2.5% of population).
paranoid
personality disorder is characterized by an acute discomfort in close relationships, distortions in thinking, and eccentric behavior (3–5% of population).
schizotypal
personality disorder is characterized by excessive emotionality and attention seeking (2% of population).
histrionic
personality disorder is an intense interest in being orderly, achieving perfection, and having control (4% of population).
obsessive-compulsive
personality disorder refers to a pattern of being submissive and clingy because of an excessive need to be taken care of (2% of population).
dependent
personality disorder is a pattern of instability in personal relationships, self-image, and emotions, as well as impulsive behavior (2% of population).
borderline
personality disorder refers to a pattern of disregarding or violating the rights of others without feeling guilt or remorse (3% of population, predominantly males) (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).
antisocial
people with this personality disorder tend to hurt themselves
borderline
a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy, which helps patients identify thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions that make their life challenging and teaches them different ways to think and react (Linehan, 1993). Typically, intense, long-term therapy is required, as well as medication.
dialectical behavior therapy
is a serious mental disorder that lasts for at least six months and includes at least two of the following symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and decreased emotional expression. These symptoms interfere with personal or social functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).
schizophrenia
three common types of schizophrenia
paranoid, disorganized, catatonic
schizophrenia is characterized by auditory hallucinations or delusions, such as thoughts of being persecuted by others or thoughts of grandeur.
paranoid
schizophrenia is marked by bizarre ideas, often about one’s body (bones melting), confused speech, childish behavior (giggling for no apparent reason, making faces at people), great emotional swings (fits of laughing or crying), and often extreme neglect of personal appearance and hygiene.
disorganized
schizophrenia is characterized by periods of wild excitement or periods of rigid, prolonged immobility; sometimes the person assumes the same frozen posture for hours on end.
catatonic
schizophrenia includes having positive symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, which are a distortion of normal functions. In addition, this group has no intellectual impairment, good reaction to medication, and thus a good chance of recovery.
type 1
schizophrenia includes having negative symptoms, such as dulled emotions and little inclination to speak, which are a loss of normal functions. In addition, this group has intellectual impairment, poor reaction to medication, and thus a poor chance of recovery.
type 2
refers to an identifiable gene or number of genes or a specific segment of a chromosome that is directly linked to some behavioral, physiological, or neurological trait or disease.
genetic marker
the brains of schizophrenic individuals had blank ventricles in the brain than did normal people
larger
theory of schizophrenia says that some people have a genetic predisposition (a diathesis) that interacts with life stressors to result in the onset and development of schizophrenia.
diathesis stress
symptoms of schizophrenia reflect a distortion of normal functions: distorted thinking results in delusions; distorted perceptions result in hallucinations; and distorted language results in disorganized speech.
positive
symptoms of schizophrenia reflect a decrease in or loss of normal functions: decreased range and intensity of emotions, decreased ability to express thoughts, and decreased initiative to engage in goal-directed behaviors (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).
negative
are used to treat serious mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, by changing the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain.
neuroleptic/antipsychotic drugs
drugs primarily reduce levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
typical neuroleptic
theory says that in schizophrenia, the dopamine neurotransmitter system is somehow overactive and gives rise to a wide range of symptoms.
dopamine
drugs (clozapine, risperidone) lower levels of dopamine and also lower levels of other neurotransmitters, especially serotonin.
atypical neuroleptic
these drugs reduce positive symptoms and may reduce negative symptoms which prevents relapse
atypical neuroleptic
these drugs reduce positive symptoms and don’t effect negative symptoms
typical neuroleptic
involves the appearance of slow, involuntary, and uncontrollable rhythmic movements and rapid twitching of the mouth and lips, as well as unusual movements of the limbs.
tardive dyskinesia
is characterized by a person having a disruption, split, or breakdown in his or her normal integrated self, consciousness, memory, or sense of identity.
dissociative disorder
three common dissociative disorders
amnesia, fugue, identity disorder
is characterized by the inability to recall important personal information or events and is usually associated with stressful or traumatic events. T
dissociative amnesia
is a disturbance marked by suddenly and unexpectedly traveling away from one’s home or place of work and being unable to recall one’s past.
dissociative fugue
(formerly called multiple personality disorder) is the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states, each with its own pattern of perceiving, thinking about, and relating to the world.
dissociative identity disorder
is a pattern of mental illness or abnormal behavior that is unique to an ethnic or cultural population and does not match the Western classifications of mental disorders
culture-specific disorder
involves the inability to stop copying or imitating others’ behaviors, such as movements and speech. malaysia and indonesian cultures
latah
involves an intense urge to leave one’s home, tear off one’s clothes, and expose oneself to the freezing cold weather. It is found in Greenland, Alaska, and the Canadian Arctic.
bibloqtoq
involves insomnia, depression, and anxiety and is often brought on by fear. It is found among the people of the Andean highlands and is believed to develop from contact with witches and the evil eye.
susto
involves the fear and sensation of one’s penis retracting into the body and the belief that one will die as a result. This syndrome is found in Malaysian cultures.
koro
theory of depression says that when we are feeling down, automatic negative thoughts that we rarely notice occur continually throughout the day. These negative thoughts distort how we perceive and interpret the world and thus influence our behaviors and feelings, which in turn contribute to our feeling depressed.
beck’s cognitive
came up with the humanistic theory, self theory, ideal self, and real self
Rogers
psychologists deal with blank behavior approach, not statistical frequency or social norms
maladaptive
axis of list of symptoms, organic mental disorder, substance related disorders
1
axis of personality disorders
2
axis of general medical conditions
3
axis of environmental / psychosocial problems
4
axis of global assessment
5
ssri stands for
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
bipolar disorder used to be treated by blank but it only stopped blank
lithium, manias
side effect of atypical neuroleptics
overweight
side effect of typical neuroleptics
tardive dyskinesia
