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Psy 121 > Psy Test 3 > Flashcards

Psy Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is REM sleep?

A

Rapid eye movement sleep. When dreaming is more likely.

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2
Q

What is an EEG?

A

A device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time.

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3
Q

What is an EMG?

A

Records muscular activity and tension

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4
Q

What is an EOG?

A

Records eye movements.

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5
Q

What are Delta waves?

A

The slowest waves. btw 1-4hz. The mental state is a deep sleep.

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6
Q

What are Theta waves?

A

Between 4-8hz. The mental state would be more drowsy.

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7
Q

What are alpha waves?

A

Between 8-12 hz. The mental state is relaxed

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8
Q

What are Beta waves?

A

Between 12-30 hz. The mental state is focused

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9
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

The bodily rhythms that cam change over a day. This causes diffrences in our energy levels

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10
Q

What can circadian rhythms affect?

A

Appetite, energy levels, hormones,
also our body temperature and alertness as we sleep when our body temperature is the lowest
These rhythms differ for biological reasons.

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11
Q

What is stage one of the sleep cycle?

A

This is a brief transitional period that lasts between 1-7 minuets. Your alpha waves decrease down to theta waves. This is also when its possible to experience hypnic jerks.

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12
Q

What are hypnic jerks?

A

Its when we are falling asleep, our brain thinks we are falling because they dont understand why the body is relaxing so fast so they create sudden movemnet.

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13
Q

What is stage 2 of the sleep cycle?

A

Sleep spindles. last between 10-25 minuets.

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14
Q

What is stage 3 of the sleep cycle?

A

This is when there are slow waves. last about 30 minuets. Hardest to wke up from delta sleep.

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15
Q

What is stage 4 of the sleep cycle?

A

REM sleep. when the most dreaming occurs.

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16
Q

What is the sleep cycle?

A

We go through these cycles about 4-5 times. The amount of time we spend in REM sleep increases and deep sleep decreases.

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17
Q

What is the difference between larks and owls?

A

Larks tend to go to sleep earlier and wake up early in the morning. Owls stay up later and have difficulty wakeing up in the morning.

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18
Q

What is the superchiasmatic nucleus?

A

It is located in the hypothalamus. signals the pineal gland which releases melatonin. Affected by light.

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19
Q

reticular formation

A

Our muscles become paralyzed during REM sleep

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19
Q

Age trends in sleep

A

We tend to need less sleep the older we get.

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20
Q

What happens due to sleep deprivation?

A

We spend more time in REM sleep if we are sleep deprived. We also tend to have more bad dreams then good ones. It also decreases our physical and cognitive functioning. It can also cause increased obesity.

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20
Q

Can we die due to sleep deprivation?

A

It is impossible for us to die of sleep deprivation because our body will put us to sleep before then, but it is possible for us to die due to sleep deprivation.

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20
Q

Sleep walking

A

This occurs during stage 3 of sleep. It tends to run in families.
It is the partial arousal from sleep

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21
Q

Sleep terrors

A

Occurs during stage 3 of sleep. They sit up, scream, then lay back down with no recollection. Generally occurs in children. They are not nightmares.

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22
Q

Nightmares

A

Occurs during REM sleep. They are more likely to be remembered then positive dreams. You get more nightmares when your sleep deprived.

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23
Q

Sleep talking

A

Can occur during any sleep stage. Non-coherent speech

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24
Q

Narcolepsy

A

An incurable sleep disorder. causes excessive daytime sleepiness and has uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep. Is caused because of the inability to produce a chemical called hypocretin.

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25
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Periods of sleep when your breathing stops and th individual must awaken briefly in order to breath. They wake up around 100 times in a night.

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26
Q

Insomnia

A

The difficulty to fall and stay asleep.

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27
Q

Wish fulfillment theory

A

A freudian theory. Our dreams fulfill what is not possible in reality. This theory tries to fulfill the meaningful symbol of our dreams.

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28
Q

Problem solving theory

A

CArtwrites theory. the most commonly accepted theory today. We dream about the things that are preoccupying our minds to help us problem solve.

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29
Q

Activation synthesis theory

A

Dreams are creted to explain brainstem processes during sleep.

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30
Q

What are dreams?

A

Mental processes during sleep

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31
Q

Opioids

A

They releive pain and have a calming effect and euphoria.

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32
Q

stimulants

A

Speed up activity in the central nervous system. They do not give us energy, just use up the energy we have quicker.

33
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Alter perception of time and space. they alter mood and produce feelings of unreality. The way they make you feel is based off how you feel when you take them.

34
Q

Depressants

A

Reduce the number of action potentials in your body.

35
Q

How do drugs affect the brain

A

All drugs act upon dopamine transmitters, and they mimic the effects of neurotransmitters

36
Q

What is drug dependance?

A

The craving of a drug for pleasurable effects and the inability to stop due to withdrawal (Physical vs. psychological dependance)

37
Q

What are 4 factors that influence the addictive potential of a drug?

A
  1. How quickley the effects of the drug are felt
  2. How pleasurable the drug effects are
  3. How long the pleasurable effects last
  4. How much discomfort is felt when that drug is discontinued.
38
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

A type of learning in which stimulus equires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

39
Q

What did John B Watson think of Classical conditioning?

A

He thought it was key to understanding behaviour which was crucial to him as the founder of behaviouralism

40
Q

How did Ivan Pavlov discover Classical conditioning?

A

He noticed that the dogs would always drool when he entered the room because they thought he had meat, and their unconditioned response when they had meat was to drool therefore their conditioned response when he entered the room was to drool.

41
Q

How does UCS, UCR, CS, CR work?

A

These stand for Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response.
ex.
A child gets hit with a spark and now hes afraid of fire
US- fire, the hot ember
UR- Pain from the burn
CS- Fire
CR- Fear of fire, crying to seeing the fire

42
Q

What are the phases of Classical conditioning?

A

Acquisition, Extinction, spontaneous recovery, second spontaneous recovery,

43
Q

What is extinction?

A

No longer having the conditioned response after aa while. Having the CS alone.

44
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

If you take a break for awhile, you will have the reaction again even after extinction, but eventually it will go back to zero. You can then have a second spontaneous recovery.

45
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

A form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences. Reinforcement.

46
Q

What are the two kinds of refinement?

A

There are two kinds of reinforcement. Positive and negative. Positive reinforcement is a response followed by a positive stimulus while negative reinforcement is a response followed by the removal of an averse stimulus. An example of a positive reinforcement could be studying to get a good grade. An example of a negative reinforcement could be putting on your seatbelt to get rid of the beeping noise.

47
Q

What is escape learning?

A

A form of negative reinforcement. The pleasant consequence that something negative is being taken away.

48
Q

What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?

A

Reinforcement is more likely to make the behaviour occur again while punishment makes the behaviour not occur again.

49
Q

What are the two kinds of punishment?

A

Positive punishment is when something is being added wile negative punishment is something being taken away.

50
Q

What is extinction in Operant conditioning?

A

Stopping the reinforcement to stop the behaviour. This can cause whats called extinction bursts which is being angry due to not receiving the reinforcement.

51
Q

What is a continuous reinforcement schedule?

A

Being reinforced every time they do the behaviour

52
Q

What is an intermittent reinforcement schedule?

A

Being given the reinforcement after a certain number of times doing to behaviour

53
Q

What is a variable ratio schedule?

A

Only getting the reinforcement after a random number of times the task is performed.

54
Q

What is latent learning?

A

Learning in the absence of reinforcement.

55
Q

What is encoding?

A

Storing the information our brain deems as necessary.

56
Q

When does our brain filter out information?

A

There are two diffrent theories about this:
One is that Our brain filters out information very quickly (Think of the gorilla video) . We dont pay attention to things early on so information just passes us by
The second one is the cocktail effect where you can be in one conversation and hear your name somewhere else and become aware of it. This suggests your brain is constantly taking in all the information going on around us and looking for something useful

57
Q

What are the levels of processing?

A

Shallow processing (Structural encoding): Looking at the structure of the stimulus
Intermediate processing (Phonemic): Focusing on how it sounds
Deep processing (Semantic encoding): Having to processes deeply and emphasize the meaning

58
Q

What is elaboration?

A

Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding (e. A mnemonic device)

59
Q

What is visual imagery?

A

The creation of visual images to be remembered. dual processing theory.

60
Q

What is self referent encoding?

A

MAking information personally relevant, connecting things with your personal experience.

61
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

A brief preservation of information in the original sensory form ex. Asking someone what they said after they said it and then remebeing a moment after

62
Q

what is short term memory?

A

The durability of storage is about 20 seconds without rehearsal (Think memorizing numbers and phrases that mean nothing to you)

63
Q

What is working memory?

A

Our working memory is our short term memory. Its where we pull up things for a brief moment to work on. Kind of like a sketch pad.

64
Q

what is the phonological rehearsal loop?

A

What we traditionally saw it as

65
Q

What is the executive control system?

A

Controls our attention and what we are currently paying attention too. also controls higher order processing

66
Q

What is the episodic buffer?

A

Allows us to manipulate information and then integrate it to our long term memory. Linking a memory to something you already know

67
Q

What is long term memory?

A

Memories that stay permenantly in our brain

68
Q

What is a flashbulb memory?

A

Memories that just pop up.eg terrorist attacks of 9/11, natural disasters (related to an emotional experience) you may remember where you are, what you were wearing, ect. They are only about 60% accurate

69
Q

Whats is a schema?

A

Mental representations of different things and concepts. We link it to something we already know.

70
Q

What is a semantic network?

A

Where we make connections between diffrent concepts.

71
Q

What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?

A

You can recall it but cant actually see it. Sometimes you have retrieval failure, Where the information is in there you just need an aid to pull it up.

72
Q

Forgetting curve

A

Only sall amounts of information can enter our long term memory if the information means nothing to us and we will foget it very quickly (Memoriz information one week, the next week the information is forgotten.

73
Q

What is retention?

A

The proportion of memory retained

74
Q

What is recall?

A

Listing things back

75
Q

What is Recognition?

A

Remembering if something was actually there

76
Q

what is decay?

A

If you dont think about something for a long time you will forget it.

77
Q

what is interference?

A

What happens during the time between memories. If something important happened more recently than it may become more difficult to remember old memories.
Especially if the memories are similar.

78
Q

What is motivatted forgetting?

A

When we dont want to remember something s we repress the memory

79
Q

Where is memory in or brain?

A

Not in a physical spot, instead it travels along neural pathways. Synaptic transmission.

80
Q

How does the hippocampus effect memories?

A

Not where they are stored, however it is nessisary to create new memories. It solidifies and forms our memories

81
Q

Implicit s. explicit memory

A

Implicit memories: We dont make memories with effort, we arent even aware of when we formed it. We cant really discuss them
Explicit: we can announce it and describe it. We are aware of when the event happened.

82
Q

What is semantic vs. episodic memory?

A

Semantic is general knowledge like trivia knowledge whereas episodic is based on personal experiences

Psy 121 (7 decks)

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