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Psy 121 > Psy Test 2 > Flashcards

Psy Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the gilal cells?

A

Cells found throughout the nervous system and they provide various types of support from neurons. The glial cells provide the neurons with nutrients.

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2
Q

What is the synapse?

A

a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.

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3
Q

What are the eight steps of synaptic transmission?

A

-Synthesis
-transportation and storage
-release
-binding
-deactivation
-autoreceptor activation
-reuptake
-Degradation

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4
Q

synapse: Synthesis

A

Neurotransmitters transmit information from one neuron to another.

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5
Q

synapse: Transportation and storage

A

transported from the cell body to the axon terminal where they are stored.

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6
Q

synapse: release

A

when the action potential in the neuron reaches the axel.

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7
Q

synapse: Binding

A

they float across the gap and some bind with the membrane of the cell after the synapse

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8
Q

synapse: Deactivation

A

neuro transmitters can be destroyed by the enzym in the synapse.

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9
Q

Synapse: Autoreceptor activation

A

Bind to receptor on the transmitter that transmitted them

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10
Q

Synapse: Reuptake

A

leftover neurotransmitter molecules can be brought back to the presynaptic region of the cell.

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11
Q

Synapse: Degradation

A

enzymes break down excess neurotransmitter molecules which are then eliminated

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12
Q

What is action potential?

A

a brief shift in a neurons electrical charge that travels along a axon

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13
Q

What is resting potential?

A

A neuron is stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive.
maintained when the cell is relatively at rest. Potential energy stored in the cell

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14
Q

Post synaptic potential

A

excitatory- to fire
Inhibitory- not to fire

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15
Q

what does Acetylcholine do?

A

Excites the skeletal muscles
; inhibits muscle fibres in the heart
stimulates neurons involved in learning new information
Deficiency in alzheimers desease

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16
Q

What does GABA do?

A

Controls anxiety, alchohol attaches to it ( agonist)

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17
Q

What does dopamine do?

A

Involved in learning, attention, movement, and reinforcement. Important in our ability to feel pleasure.

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18
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

Plays a role in reglating mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression, and appetite. Defessientcy linked to depression

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19
Q

What does endorphins do?

A

Relieves pain and produces feelings of pleasure and well-being: Runners high

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20
Q

What do Epinephrine
do?

A

causes surges of energy. Predominant in anger

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21
Q

Afferent neurons

A

receive the signal from the brain

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22
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Pick up information from our senses. They pick up the sensation, send it up the spinal cord to be processed.

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23
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

The spinal cord is apart of the central nervous system. It contains a large cord of neurons that are wrapped up and send messages to the brain

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24
Q

Where is the cerebellum and what does it do?

A

Next to the back surface of the brainstem. It is responsible for executing smooth skilled movements. It also controls movements that are not voluntary. or concious (Eg walking after knowing how to walk, “Just like riding a bike.”)

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25
Q

Where is the thalamus and what does it do?

A

Located in the forebrain above the brainstem. It acts as a relay system for information flowing into or out of the higher brain centres. (Every sense except smell.)

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26
Q

Where is the hypothalamus and what does it do?

A

Near the base of the forebrain beneath the thalamus. Controls the autonomic nervous system. Regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behaviour,body temperature, our biological clock, and a variety of emotional behaviours. Also controls the putuitary gland

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27
Q

Where is the amygdala and what does it do?

A

Located in both halves of the brain. Crucial control centre for fear. Helps you detect when you are in danger

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28
Q

Where is thee hippocampus and what does it do?

A

Located in the temporal lobe. Controls memory. long term memory, and memory recovery.

29
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The outer layer of the cerebrum

30
Q

What is the corpus collosum?

A

Connects the left and right hemispheres.

31
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Reasoning skills and emotional control centre.

32
Q

Frontal lobe: What does the motor cortex do?

A

Controls voluntary body movements.

33
Q

Frontal lobe: Brocas area

A

Controls speech production

34
Q

parietal lobe: somatosensory cortex

A

Sensory perception: Touch, pressure, pain
other areas responsible for body awareness and spacial orientation

35
Q

Occipital lobe: What does the Primary visual cortex

A

Where vision registers in the cerebral cortex sent through the optic nerves To be sent to the back of the brain to be processed.

36
Q

Temporal Lobe: What does the primary auditory cortex do?

A

Where hearing registers in the cerebral cortex

37
Q

Temporal lobe: Wernickes area

A

Comprehension and formulation of coherent speech

38
Q

What is brain plasticity?

A

The idea that our brains at young ages can adapt to missing or broken parts of the brain as they are still developing.
1. experience sculpts features of the brains structure
2. damage or destruction can lead to neural reconstruction
3. Adults brains do appear to generate new nuerons

39
Q

What is cerebral lateralization?

A

Lateralization is the specialization of one of the cerebral hemispheres to handle a particular function.

40
Q

What does the left hemisphere do?

A

Coordinates complex movements, language processing: Speaking, reading, writing. Processes information in a step by step manner.

41
Q

What does the right hemisphere do?

A

Specialized for visual spacial perception. understanding non-verbal communication, sees the big picture, expressing and recognizing emotion

42
Q

communication of the Endocrine system

A

Endocrines glands make chemicals called hormones, they go out into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning.

43
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The complete set of inhereted genes

44
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

How the genes are expressed, and what we see.
These can be influenced by envionment.

45
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

The interplay between genetics and environment. This is the mechanism used to see how the environment really effects our genes.
We see changes in genetics from one generation to another not through mutation but through one generation turning the nexts on or off.

46
Q

What is behavioural genetics?

A

The study of the influence of genetic factors on behavioural traits. (ex. Intelligence, extraversion)

47
Q

What is the diffrence between sensation and perception?

A

Sensation is the stimulation of our sense organs, perception is the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.

48
Q

What is absolute threshold?

A

What can be detected 50% of the time. The amount the sense can be humanly heard.
Vision: A candle 30 miles away
Hearing: A watch ticking 20 feet away
Smell: A drop of perfume in a 6 house home
taste: A teaspoon of water in a gallon of water
touch: A wing of a fly on your cheek, dropped 1 cm

49
Q

What is Just Noticeable difference? (JND)

A

The smallest difference detectable..

50
Q

What is Webers law?

A

At least 1/30th of initial stimulus change, any smaller than that we can’t tell the difference

51
Q

What is signal detection theory?

A

You detect something but you still have decide wether you hear, see, or feel it or not.

52
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

Our senses sjust to different stimuli

53
Q

What does the cornea do?

A

Where light enters the eye

54
Q

What does the lens do?

A

Focuses the light rays on the cornea

55
Q

What does the pupil do?

A

Regulates the amount of light entering the eye

56
Q

What does the fovea do?

A

Helps you see things clearly because its where the most cones are

57
Q

What does the optic disk do?

A

The blind spot

58
Q

What does the retina do?

A

Absorbes light, processes images, and sends information to the brain

59
Q

What do the rods do?

A

help you see black and white and low light vision

60
Q

What do the cones do?

A

Help you see colour and daylight vision.

61
Q

What is the optic chiasm pathway?

A

The point at which half of optic nerves project into the opposite side of the brain.

62
Q

What is the LGN of Thalamus?

A

The nuclear of the thalamus

63
Q

What is the vision pathway?

A

Light → rods and cones → neural signals → bipolar cells → ganglion cells → optic nerve → optic chiasm → opposite half brain → visual cortex

64
Q

What is trichromatic theory?

A

Receptors for red, green and blue.

65
Q

What is opponent process theory?

A

3 pairs of antagonistic colour receptors

66
Q

What is bottom up processing?

A

from individual elements to a whole.

67
Q

What does it mean that sensation and perception are subjective?

A

We can look at the same stimulus and see different things.

68
Q

What is top down processing?

A

uses Experience and memories.

Psy 121 (7 decks)

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