psy exam 3 chapter 6 Flashcards
Ivan pavlov
Classical Conditioning (dogs and salivation)
John B. Watson
Behaviorism; Little Albert experiment
B.F. Skinner
Operant conditioning; Skinner box
Albert Bandura
Observational learning; bobo doll experiment
US (Unconditioned Stimulus)
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response (food)
UR (Unconditioned response)
The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (salivation)
CS (Conditioned stimulus)
An originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response (a bell)
CR (Conditioned response)
The learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (salivation in response to the bell) Also called a learned response.
Progression of classical conditioning
US triggers a UR (all natural). A CS is associated with the US, both triggering a UR. The US is removed and the CS is used to triggered the UR (now a CR). When the CS triggers the UR the UR is now called a CR.
How is a learned response acquired in classical conditioning?
Its acquired through repeated pairings of the CS (neutral stimulus) with the US (unconditioned stimulus)
How is a learned response acquired in operant conditioning.
Its acquired through reinforcement or punishment, which strengthens or weakens the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
When does extinction occur in classical conditioning?
Extinction occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US, leading to a weakening and disappearance of the CR.
When does extinction occur in operant conditioning?
Extinction occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced, leading to a decrease in its frequency.
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
Higher-order conditioning
A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.
Stimulus Generalization
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for similar stimuli to illicit the same conditioned response. (dog responding to sit, but also hit and pit)
Stimulus Discrimination
The learned ability to distinguish between conditioned stimulus and similar stimulus and only respond with the CR to the CS. (dog responding to sit, but not hit, or pit)
The Little Albert Study
A controversial experiment by John B Watson demonstrating classical conditioning in humans. Little Albert (a baby) was conditioned to fear a white rat and other animals by pairing the white rat with a loud noise. (The fate of little albert is unknown)
Skinner Box
A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
Cumulative Record
A graphical record of responding and reinforcement in a skinner box as a function of time.
Reinforcement
Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
Punishment
Any event that weakens the behavior it follows
Primary Reinforcers
Natural, innate reinforcing stimuli, such as those that satisfy biological needs (Food, water, ect)
Secondary reinforcers
Stimula that gain their reinforcing ability through their association with primary reinforcers (Money, praise, ect)
Positive Reinforcement
Adding a desirable stimulus to increase or strengthen a behavior
Negative reinforcement
Removing an undesirable stimulus to increase or strengthen a behavior
Shaping
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer to the desired behavior.
Extinction Burst
A temporary increase in the frequency and intensity of a behavior that occurs when that behavior is no longer reinforced.
Discriminative Stimuli
Cues that signal the availability of reinforcement or punishment
Ex Doorbell, stimulus for answering the door, people have learned that opening the door after hearing the bell is reinforced by the presence of a visitor.
(Schedules of Reinforcement) Continuous
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
(Schedules of Reinforcement) FR: Fixed-Ratio
Reinforcing a response only after a specified number of responses
(Schedules of Reinforcement) VR: Variable-Ratio
Reinforcing a response after an unpredictable number of responses
(Schedules of Reinforcement) FI: Fixed-Interval
Reinforcing a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
(Schedules of Reinforcement) VI: Variable-Interval
Reinforcing a response after an unpredictable time interval
(Schedules of Reinforcement) Resistance to Extinction
Intermittent (partial) reinforcement schedules (FR, VR, FI, VI) produce greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement.
(Schedules of Reinforcement) Fastest Responding
Variable-ratio schedules generally produce the fastest and most consistent responding
(Biological Influences on Conditioning) Conditioned taste aversion
A learned aversion to a particular food or taste that has been associated with nausea or illness
(Biological Influences on Conditioning) Preparedness & phobias
We are biologically predisposed to learn certain associations (like fear or snakes and spiders) more easily than others due to their evolutionary significance.
(Biological Influences on Conditioning) Instinctive drift
The tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns
Cognitive influences (Tolman study on latent learning)
Demonstrated that learning can occur without immediate reinforcement and may remain hidden until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
Observational Learning (Banduras bobo doll study & media violence research conclusion)
Study: children learned aggressive behaviors by observing adults acting aggressively towards a bobo doll
Media violence: Exposure to media violence can contribute to increased aggression in children
How advertisers use classical conditioning:
Advertisers pair their products (CS) with positive stimuli like attractive people, catchy music, or happy scenes (US) to elicit positive emotions towards their products (CR).
