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psy 1003 > psy exam 1 normal > Flashcards

psy exam 1 normal Flashcards

1
Q

Cultural Heritage

A

Impacts individual behavior and psychology based on one’s cultural background.

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2
Q

Cons of Experiments

A

Artificial settings may not reflect real-world scenarios.

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3
Q

Cultural Psychology

A

The study of how cultural practices shape psychological processes.

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4
Q

IRB

A

Oversight committee that reviews research proposals for ethical compliance.

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5
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Studying subjects in their natural environment.

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6
Q

Subjectivity

A

The idea that personal experiences and interpretations shape one’s understanding of reality.

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7
Q

Control Group

A

Group receiving no treatment, used for comparison.

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8
Q

Physiological Measures

A

Using tools like fMRI, EEG, or heart rate monitors.

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9
Q

Sociohistorical Context

A

The influence of social and historical factors on psychological practices and theories.

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10
Q

Goals of Science

A

Description, prediction, and explanation.

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11
Q

Pros of Experiments

A

Allows for cause-and-effect conclusions.

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12
Q

Description

A

The process of observing and recording behavior or phenomena.

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13
Q

Placebo Effects

A

Subjects’ response to a placebo rather than the actual treatment.

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14
Q

Correlation vs. Causation

A

Correlations indicate a relationship between variables but do not imply causation.

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15
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

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16
Q

Hypotheses

A

Specific predictions derived from a theory.

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17
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

First woman president of the American Psychological Association; faced gender discrimination in her academic career.

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18
Q

Social Psychology

A

The study of how individuals influence and are influenced by others.

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19
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Considered the father of modern psychology; established the first psychology laboratory.

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20
Q

Nature/Nurture

A

The debate over the relative contributions of genetics and environment to behavior.

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21
Q

Support for Hypotheses

A

Findings that increase confidence in a theory.

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22
Q

Positive Psychology

A

A field of psychology that focuses on the positive aspects of human life, such as happiness and well-being.

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23
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

A theoretical perspective that examines psychological traits as adaptations to environmental challenges.

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24
Q

Experimental Group

A

Group receiving the treatment in an experiment.

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25
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

Ranges from -1 to +1, with extremes indicating stronger relationships.

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26
Q

Standardized Tests

A

Utilizing uniform procedures for fair comparisons.

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27
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

The founder of psychoanalysis, known for his theories on the unconscious mind and psychosexual development.

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28
Q

Social Desirability Bias

A

Respondents may answer in a way they perceive as socially acceptable.

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29
Q

Theory Construction

A

A process involving theory, hypotheses, and empirical research.

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30
Q

Dependent Variable (DV)

A

The factor being measured or observed in an experiment.

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31
Q

Variable

A

Any factor that can vary.

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32
Q

Multiple Causes

A

The concept that behavior and mental processes are influenced by various factors.

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33
Q

Theory

A

A well-substantiated explanation based on evidence; must be testable/provable.

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34
Q

Industrial/Organizational Psychology

A

The application of psychological principles to workplace environments.

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35
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

The study of mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving.

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36
Q

Experimental Design

A

Structuring the study to test the hypothesis effectively.

37
Q

Negative Correlation

A

x and y are on opposite ends.

38
Q

Scientific Knowledge

A

Is cumulative and tentative; theories may be revised or discarded.

39
Q

Positive Correlation

A

x and y are on similar ends.

40
Q

Operational Definition

A

Defining a concept by the procedures used to measure or observe it.

41
Q

William James

A

A prominent psychologist known for his work in functionalism and author of ‘The Principles of Psychology’.

42
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

A leading behaviorist known for his work on operant conditioning and reinforcement.

43
Q

Empiricism

A

The belief that knowledge comes from observation and experience.

44
Q

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

A

Pioneered research in gifted children and gender differences; faced challenges due to her gender.

45
Q

Prediction

A

Anticipates occurrences based on gathered data.

46
Q

Structuralism

A

An early school of psychology that aimed to identify the basic elements of consciousness.

47
Q

Experiment

A

Involves manipulating variables to observe their impact.

48
Q

Independent Variable (IV)

A

The factor being changed or controlled in an experiment.

49
Q

Counseling Psychology

A

A professional area that focuses on providing therapeutic services to individuals.

50
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

A therapeutic approach that focuses on unconscious processes and childhood experiences.

51
Q

Non-support for Hypotheses

A

Findings that decrease confidence in a theory, prompting revision.

52
Q

Personality Psychology

A

The study of individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

53
Q

Functionalism

A

A school of psychology that focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior.

54
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction or educated guess.

55
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that focuses on diagnosing and treating mental disorders.

56
Q

John B. Watson

A

The founder of behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior.

57
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

The study of how people grow and change from infancy through old age.

58
Q

Animal Research

A

Should be conducted with ethical guidelines and justification for harm.

59
Q

Psychometrics

A

The field of psychology concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.

60
Q

Explanation

A

Seeks to clarify why certain behaviors or phenomena happen.

61
Q

Deception

A

Sometimes necessary in research but requires debriefing.

62
Q

Sampling Bias

A

When the sample does not represent the population accurately.

63
Q

Self-reported data

A

Can contain distortions or bias.

64
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

Researchers’ expectations influencing the outcomes.

65
Q

Biological Psychology

A

The study of the relationship between biological processes and psychological phenomena.

66
Q

APA’s Guidelines

A

Ensure voluntary participation, confidentiality, and no harm in research.

67
Q

Physiological Psychology

A

The study of the biological basis of behavior and mental processes.

68
Q

Random Assignment

A

Allocating subjects randomly to control and experimental groups to minimize bias.

69
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

First woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology; known for her work in animal behavior and consciousness.

70
Q

Descriptive Research

A

In-depth examination of behavior without influencing it.

71
Q

Anecdotal Evidence

A

Personal accounts or stories used to support a claim.

72
Q

Correlational Research

A

Assessing the relationship between variables.

73
Q

Surveys & Interviews

A

Gathering data through questionnaires or direct questioning.

74
Q

Double-blind study

A

A method to avoid experimenter bias.

75
Q

Flaws in Anecdotal Evidence

A

Lack of systematic testing and bias.

76
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Factors other than the independent variable that may influence the results.

77
Q

Experimental Research

A

Manipulating variables to observe their effects.

78
Q

Behaviorism

A

A theoretical perspective that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment.

79
Q

Theoretical Diversity

A

The idea that multiple theories can explain psychological phenomena.

80
Q

Educational Psychology

A

The study of how people learn and the best practices to teach them.

81
Q

Correlation Strength

A

+0.80 shows a stronger association than +0.50.

82
Q

Empirical Research

A

Conducting studies to test hypotheses.

83
Q

Ethical Concerns

A

Issues regarding subject well-being and consent in experiments.

84
Q

Experimental Psychology

A

The branch of psychology that uses experimental methods to study behavior and mental processes.

85
Q

Persuasiveness of Anecdotal Evidence

A

Compelling because of relatability but lacks scientific rigor.

86
Q

Scientific Journal

A

A publication that presents original research findings and reviews.

87
Q

Archival Records

A

Examining existing data for research purposes.

88
Q

Humanism

A

A psychological perspective that emphasizes personal growth and the concept of self-actualization.

psy 1003 (5 decks)

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