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SPRING 2022: TERMÍNALO! > PSY 324 Exam 4 > Flashcards

PSY 324 Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

numerical cognition: is it innate or culturally learned?

A
  • BOTH
    1. innate: infants can differentiate between diff #s of dots in an array (may b a basic human skill)
    2. cultural: symbols, words for numbers, equations for numbers are all learned things
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2
Q

what is the definition of a number? is it concrete?

A
  • a quantity, magnitude, or size of a collection

- es ABSTRACTO - independent of symbols (‘3, three”) or the objects being enumerated (“3 hands, 3 dogs”)

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3
Q

non-symbolic number cog: what types of tasks are used to measure this? what kind of judgments? (2)

A
  • judging the size of arrays
    1. relative judgments: “which has more/less dots?”
    2. absolute judgments: how many dots are there? (“Are there 8 dots?”)
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4
Q

non-symbolic number cog: relative judgments - what is the distance effect?

A
  • (comparing two arrays of dots) the closer the # of dots are, the harder it is to make accurate judgments
  • greater distance/disparity between quantities –> easier to id
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5
Q

non-symbolic number cog: relative judgments - what is the size effect? what other species is this effect found in?

A
  • (comparing two arrays of dots) it’s harder to make judgements when there are MORE dots (ex. harder to compare 15 vs 30 dots than 5 vs 10 dots)
  • fish birds
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6
Q

non-symbolic number cog: relative judgments - what other species are distance and size effects found in? what does this suggest?

A
  • fish, birds, monkeys –> suggests that numeracy may be an evolutionary kit all orgs equipped with
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7
Q

non-symbolic number cog: absolute judgments - what is subitizing?

A
  • parallel processing of quantities (rather than words)

- only works for 3-4 items at a glance

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8
Q

non-symbolic number cog: absolute judgments - what is counting?

A
  • occurs for quantities 4+

- requires serial processing of quantities, much slower RTs

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9
Q

symbolic number cognition: what types of tasks are used to measure this?

A
  • deciding which of two numbers (via symbol, ex. “9 vs 10”) is bigger
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10
Q

symbolic number cognition: do distance and size effects still apply?

A
  • SIMÓN
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11
Q

interactions btween symbolic and non-sym number cog: Koechlin exp (priming) - what was the task? how did priming affect RTs? what does it suggest?

A
  • Q: “is this # greater than (ex.) 5?” (tested numbers, dot arrays, and words)
  • parts primed (subliminally) with numbers greater than 5 or less than 5 –>
    • faster RTs for primes greater than 5, slower for primes less than

—> automatic/subconscious accessing of digit meaning

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12
Q

neural substrates of number meaning: what area most implicated in numeracy? which hemi? how do cells here behave?

A
  • IPS / L Hemi

- cells respond to specific numerosities (ex. sensitive to quantities of 2, quants of 3)

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13
Q

neural substrates of number meaning: IPS cells - how do they demonstrate the size effect?

A
  • cells that respond to small quants (ex. 1) will not respond strongly to numbers greater than it
  • BUT cells responding to larger quants (Ex. 5) WILL still respond to surrounding quants (4 or 6) —-> LESS PRECISE cognition for higher quantities (bc more cells responding)
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14
Q

neural substrates of number meaning: how is number meaning diff in the L v R hemispheres?

A
  • L: deals with EXACT quants (may be due to lang ability)

- R: deals with APPROXIMATE quants

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15
Q

neural substrates of number meaning: lesions lead to which disorder? how are other cog functions impacted?

A
  • dyscalculia: selective impairment in numerical cog

- other cog functions are fine

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16
Q

spatial code for numbers: what is the SNARC effect?

A
  • Q: “is this # even or odd?”

- RTs are faster when SMALLER numbers are located LEFT side of screen + when BIGGER numbers are located on RIGHT side

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17
Q

models of numerican cog: what are they? (3)*

A
  1. McCloskey
  2. Dehaene
  3. Butterworth
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18
Q

models of numerical cog: what is transcoding? which model does it favor?

A
  • translating 1 quantity symbol to another (ex. 5 –> five)
  • Dehaene model
  • The ability to read and write numbers can be selectively impaired or preserved relative to the ability to read and write letters
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19
Q

executive function: what brain region is it linked to?

A
  • Pre-Frontal Cortex (PFC)
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20
Q

evolutionary devel. of frontal lobes: how does human PFC compare to macaques and chimps? cortex vs subcortical areas?

A
  1. human PFC 1.9x greater than macaques + chimps

2. ratio even greater for subcortical white matter

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21
Q

evolutionary devel. of frontal lobes: PFC - what’s it’s relationship to sociality?

A
  • PFC varies with species’ social group size
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22
Q

PFC: what are the 5 surface regions?

A
  1. dorsolateral
  2. ventrolateral
  3. rostral pfc
  4. ant cingulate / pre-SMA
  5. orbito-frontal
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23
Q

executive function: what are 5 domains that require EF?

A
  1. working mem
  2. task setting & prob solving
  3. overcoming impulses / habitual responses
  4. task switching
  5. multi-tasking
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24
Q

executive function: working memory - what PFC region is active in monkeys during WM tasks? how do dorso / ventro parts differ in function?

A
  • LATERAL PFC
  1. dorsolateral - manipulating and monitoring info
  2. ventrolateral: maintaining info in activated states, retrieval
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25
Q

PFC: which surfaces are primarily cognitive in function? which are social/emotional? (3)

A
  1. LATERAL - COG
  2. MEDIAL - S&E
  3. ORBITAL - S&E
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26
Q

executive function: what is an ex of task setting/problem solving? what concept is it related to?

A
  • looking to cross the street vs for a taxi

- “fluid intelligence”

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27
Q

executive function: task setting/problem solving - what tasks are used to measure it? (3)

A
  1. tower of london (balls on a peg in a starting position –> must re-arrange them to a goal position, increases in complexity with the # of moves required)
    • activates PFC, poor in ppl w PFC damage
  2. cog estimates (“how many camels in Holland?”)
  3. cognitive fluency (“name as many words that start w R”)
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28
Q

executive function: overcoming impulses / habitual responses - what brain regions are implicated? (3)

A
  1. anterior cingulate cortex
  2. pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA)
  3. left dorsolateral PFC
29
Q

executive function: overcoming impulses / habitual responses - what task is used to measure it? in what group is it underdeveloped?

A
  • stroop task (color words, written in different colored text –> read color, not word)
  • plebes / morros / pibes / chamacos / enfants /
30
Q

executive function: task switching - what task is used to measure this?

A
  1. wisconsin card sorting - parts group cards based on a rule that is constantly changing –> PFC activity when rule changes
31
Q

executive function: task switching - what brain regions are implicated? (2)

A
  1. Pre-SMA

2. Lateral PFC

32
Q

executive function: multi-tasking - what brain region is implicated? (1)

A
  1. most ANTERIOR part of PFC
33
Q

organization of executive function: what are cold v hot processes? what do we know about them?

A
  • Cold: Cognitive; Lateral PFC, isolated, rational, doing the hard thing
  • Hot: Emotional; Orbito-frontal + Ventro-medial PFC, decision-making in social/emotionally sensitive situations
  • may be 2 separate mechs for controlling the 2
34
Q

organization of executive function: cold v hot processes - which are spared in PFC damaged patients?

A
  • COLD processes spared / HOT processes impaired
35
Q

organization of executive function: somatic marker hypothesis - what brain region is implicated? (1)

A
  • VENTROMEDIAL PFC
36
Q

organization of executive function: somatic marker hypothesis - what does it suggest about decision-making?

A
  • Emotional events (e.g. a risky situation) are stored in memory together with “somatic markers” that reflect positive or negative body states (like gut feelings)
  • each time we make a decision, we relive these stored memories, and decide on an option based on if the somatic marker is positive (do it) v negative (don’t do it)
37
Q

organization of executive function: somatic marker hypothesis - what task is used to measure this? how do PFC impaired people respond?

A
  • IOWA betting tasks

- take v risky bets / don’t learn from past mistakes

38
Q

organization of executive function: multiple demand network - what types of intelligence are tested? (2)

A
  • executive function + fluid intelligence
39
Q

organization of executive function: multiple demand network - what brain regions are implicated? how does damage affect crystallized intelligence?

A
  1. lateral PFC, Anterior Cingulate Cortex, IPL
    • damage here –> impaired Exec. Func and Fluid Intelligence
  2. it doesn’t lol CI is spared by damage
40
Q

organization of executive function: posterior to anterior gradient - what type of ctrl focused where?

A
  • POSTERIOR: sensory ctrl, reflexes, ,etc.

- ANTERIOR: branching, emotional, contextual ctrl

41
Q

organization of executive function: hemispheric asymmetries - what functions are L hemi associated with?

A
  1. setting up tasks + selective responding to stimuli
  • generating words starting w a letter (FAS task)
  • Tower of London
  • WI Sorting
42
Q

organization of executive function: hemispheric asymmetries - what functions are R hemi associated with?

A
  1. task monitoring + sustaining attn
  • WI card sorting
  • how many times did a stimulus appear over 10 sec period?
43
Q

executive function: anterior cingulate cortex - what are its main roles? (2)

A
  1. responding to conflicts
  2. detecting errors (not necessarily fixing them)
    • error potentials may originate here
44
Q

social-emotional brain: what is an emotion?

A
  • a state associated with stimuli that are rewarding (i.e. that one works to obtain) or punishing (i.e. that one works to avoid)
    • survival or reproductive value / given priority over other types of body responses

[more attention
more memory
action preparation]

45
Q

social-emotional brain: what are 4 defining characteristics of emotions?

A
  1. hedonic value (liked or disliked)
  2. associated w an INTERNAL feeling state (ex. heart rate, sweat)
  3. associated w an EXTERNAL motor outcome (face and body)
  4. trigger cog (ex. increased attn) and action responses (ex. fight or flight)
46
Q

social-emotional brain: emotions - what is the James-Lange theory (1884)?

A
  • suggests that emotions are changes to body signals (ex. face expression, <3 rate, BP) that are consciously reported as emotions
47
Q

social-emotional brain: emotions - what is the Cannon-Bard theory?

A
  • suggests emotions are a brain / executive decision/distinction –> body signals follow
  • supported bc ppl can be injected with adrenaline and not report feeling “aroused” “excited” etc.
48
Q

social-emotional brain: emotions - what is the Schacter & Singer theory?

A
  • suggests that what people feel depends on how they cognitively “appraise” their body states in certain situations
  • CONTEXT ES TODO
  • ex. ppl injected with adrenaline CAN be aroused, if in the presence of (ex.) an angry person
49
Q

social-emotional brain: emotions - what are Ekman’s 6 basic emotions? why are they considered “basic”? (4)

A
  1. fear, anger, joy, sadness, disgust, and surprise
    - culturally invariant / occur automatically / correspond to their propio neural basis / developed para lidiar con different survival probs
50
Q

social-emotional brain: emotions - Papez & Maclean / limbic circuit - what brain regions are included? (4)

A
  1. cingulate cortex 2. hippocampus 3. hypothalamus and 4. anterior nucleus of the thalamus
51
Q

social-emotional brain: Adolphs et al. (S.M. amyg damage) - what is the research question? what methods were used? what were the main results?

A
  1. how does damage to amygdala affect id’ing of fear? (patient SM)
  2. SM + normal ctrls + 13 subjects with unilateral amygdala
    damage
    • Gaussian bubbles: 2 at a time, “r they contrasting gender or emotion (happy vs sad)?”
    • faces with eyes erased: importance of eyes in id’ing emotions
    • eye-tracking task: eye mvments monitored while viewing basic emotion images
  3. GB: ctrls required 16.5 bubbled to id emotion / SM required 30 (For fear + happiness) | part 2 - results were comparable

Faces sin ojos: SM did equally bad whether eyes were present or not, her fixations were on mouth, not eyes

Eye track: normals explored the face, fixated on eyes / SM did not systematically fixate on eyes

*OJO! - when directed to fixate on eyes, fear recog was reversed CONC: amygdala utilizes visual system to id fear

52
Q

social-emotional brain: Feinstein et al. (induced fear) - what is the research question? what methods were used? what were the main results?

A
  1. how does amygdala damage affect fear induction - overt behavioral manifestations of fear / AND fear experience: internal self-reporting?
  2. Put into random scary sitches
  3. FI: visiting live snakes and spiders, showed no avoidance even b4 reporting dislike / Haunted House Tour: 0 fear rating, never frightened / FI films: no fear response BUT Was able to id that they may be scary to others

CONCL: absence of amygdala –> no ability to feel fear

53
Q

social-emotional brain: Darby et al. (criminal behavior) - what is the research question? what methods were used? what were the main results?

A
  1. focus on pts who exhbit criminal behavior following brain lesions - qué comparten? / are affected brain areas part of a connected network?
  2. 17 pts, No criminal behavior prior to brain lesion; lesion net work mapping of brain-damaged ppl across studies
    • 2 cohorts
  3. All 17 lesions associated with criminality showed functional connectivity to the intraparietal sulcus,
    inferior orbitofrontal cortex and ATLs
    ● 16/17 connected to vmPFC and nucleus accumbens
    ● 15/17 functionally connected to dorsolateral PFC

CONCL —> criminality MAY BE assoc w lesions in moral decision-making / theory of mind brain networks

NOT assoc w cog ctrl or empathy

54
Q

social-emotional brain: emotions - Papez & Maclean / limbic circuit - what theory is this an extension of?

A
  • Cannon-Bard (emotions as conscious brain decisions –> body signals change later)
55
Q

social-emotional brain: non-basic emotions - what might they be comprised of? along what 2 dimensions may emotions vary?

A
  • may be comprised of several basic emotions ex. disgust + anger = indignation
  • pleasantness + activation (high or low arousal)
56
Q

social-emotional brain: the amygdala - how do lesions affect fear conditioning in mice?

A
  • disrupts fear conditioning (ex. trained to associate sound w electric shock)
  • no longer able to LEARN or STORE fear association
  • still able to show a fear response to the shock itself
57
Q

social-emotional brain: the amygdala - how do lesions affect fear conditioning in humans? (2)

A
  1. still able to explicitly report associations, though they don’t show a fear response to sound necessarily
    • show that fear assoc may be stored in MULTIPLE places (hippocampus as well)
  2. impairs recognition of fearful facial expressions (and sometimes voices)
58
Q

social-emotional brain: the amygdala and fear conditioning - what does a skin conductance response measure?

A
  • is a measure of autonomic arousal –> used to measure emotional processing
59
Q

social-emotional brain: the amygdala - what organs implicated in the fast route vs slow route?

A

FAST: thalamus –> amygdala (subcortical)

SLOW: primary vis ctx (V1) –> amygdala (cortical)

60
Q

social-emotional brain: the amygdala - what other functions is it assoc with? (3)

A
  1. id’ing happy faces
  2. responding to emotionally intense stimuli (pictures, tastes, smells, sounds)
  3. learning associations, reward
61
Q

social-emotional brain: the insula - what emotion and other process is it responsible for showing?

A
  • DISGUSTing
  • interoception (k of what’s going on internally [heart rate, etc.]

+ taste, pain

62
Q

social-emotional brain: orbifrontal ctx- what functions is it assoc with?

A
  • assessing the value / reward of a STIMULUS in a specific context
    ex. eating a chocolate bar when you’re craving vs after having eaten 2 already
63
Q

social-emotional brain: orbifrontal ctx- what is extinction/reversal learning? how is it reflected here?

A
  • Learning that a previously rewarded stimulus is no longer rewarded
  • shown via graded activation of OFC medially (pleasant) to lateral (unpleasant)
  • brain damaged pts don’t show reversal learning!
64
Q

social-emotional brain: anterior cingulate ctx- what functions is it assoc with? (2)

A
  1. assessing reward / the value of a RESPONSE in a specific context
  2. pain responses (physical, social (social exclusion), viewing others in pain)
65
Q

social-emotional brain: ventral striatum - what structure is it a part of? what functions is it assoc with? (2)

A
  • part of BASAL GANGLIA [nucleus acumbens]
  • reward-based learning (the “limbic circuit”) and EXPECTATION Of reward [ex. dopaminergic neurons here will respond GREATER if a person is expecting a reward but no la recibe]
66
Q

social-emotional brain: reading faces - what brain area involved in understanding eye gaze? what pop is impaired in this?

A
  • superior temporal sulcus

- people with ASD can recognize eye gaze but not interpret what it means

67
Q

social-emotional brain: autism - what is theory of mind? what brain regions is it assoc. with? (3)

A
  • the ability to represent the mental states of others
  1. TPJ
  2. Temporal poles
  3. Medial prefrontal cortex
68
Q

social-emotional brain: autism - what is the broken-mirror theory? what brain characteristics is it assoc. with? (3)

A
  • suggests that social impairments with autism are due to a faulty mirror-neuron system
  1. Reduced gray matter in regions comprising the mirror system
  2. Less fMRI activity in mirror areas when imitating facial expressions
  3. Less “mu” suppression when observing actions.

SPRING 2022: TERMÍNALO! (7 decks)

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