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SPRING 2022: TERMÍNALO! > PSY 324 Exam 3 > Flashcards

PSY 324 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is plasticity? what does it imply about memory?

A
  • brains ability to change as a result of experience

- memory is a BRAIN level process; whole brain is subject to plasticity, is not a localized function

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2
Q

short-term memory: where is it stored? what is its capacity like?

A
  • parietal and temporal lobes

- limited capacity, stores only “what’s in mind”

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3
Q

long-term memory: what is its capacity like?

A
  • potentially unlimited capacity
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4
Q

phonological STM: how is it assessed? what factors influence its performance? (3)

A
  • assessed via “span” tasks
  • influenced by:
  1. whether or not words are rehearsed
  2. word length (longer words recalled worse)
  3. phonological similarity (span length SHORTER for phonolog. similar words)
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5
Q

phonological STM: what other brain areas are engaged?

A
  • areas for speech production and speech perception (left inferior frontal and posterior superior temporal areas)
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6
Q

visuospatial STM: what pattern of activation is seen when holding the image of objects “in mind”?

A
  • sustained activity in the content specific areas related to the objects (Ex. FFA if holding a face, PPA for places)
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7
Q

LTM: what are the 2 main types?

A
  1. declarative: algo que se puede reportar explícitamente
    • events + facts
  2. non-declarative: procedural memory
    • implicit, unconscious
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8
Q

semantic knowledge: “Kiefer et al.” (acoustic words) - what were they trying to do / what were the 4 markers?

A
  1. linking auditory / perceptual features of object concepts to auditory / perceptual brain areas
    (embodied cog)
    1. implicit task (lex decis) / 2. links to a perceptual region (auditory sys) 3. rapidness (from ERPs) 4. selectively (pSTG/MTG activated more thn other areas, como SMG)
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9
Q

semantic knowledge: Willems et al. (body specif. action wrds) what is the research question? what methods were used? what were the main results? (what does this imply about EC?)

A
  1. is embodied cog carried out diff in diff types of bodies? (L v R handers)
  2. lexical decision and explicit mental imagery (presented with action words, 1/2 manual and 1/2 non-manual) while in EPI (Echoplanar imaging)/MRI
    • focus on BA6 - premotor cortex
  3. lex decis: contralateral PMC was signif. more active in R v L handers
    mental imag: greater contralateral activation in R v L as well
  • NO OVERLAP in in primary or pmc activation areas btween these 2 tasks –> EC is not just imagery, is implicit

extra:
- mental imagery of a vb “throw” –> leads to act of Primary MC (bc it’s specific, ppl are really thinking about it)

pre-motor active when only comprehending verbs

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10
Q

WM: what do current models suggest about working memory?

A
  • WM may just be temp activity of LTM
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11
Q

amnesia: what are common causes? (5)

A
  • neurosurgery, strokes, head injury, viruses, Korsakoff’s syndrome
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12
Q

amnesia: what are common symptoms?

A
  • difficulties in acquiring new memories and remembering old events
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13
Q

amnesia: anterograde vs retrograde?

A
  • ANTERO: can’t form NEW memories (the time in fRONT of brain injury)
  • RETRO: can’t remember past (the time BEHIND brain unjury)
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14
Q

amnesia: what other abilities are spared? (4)

A
  • STM
    non-decl - procedural/perceptual memory
    digit span
    mirror drawings
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15
Q

amnesia: what other abilities are typically impaired? (2)

A
  • semantic memory**
    (can’t learn new vocab)
    episodic memory
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16
Q

amnesia: memories from what time in life are strongest after injury?

A
  • memories from EARLY in life are strongest (Ribot’s law)
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17
Q

what locations are most implicated in memory? (2)

A
  1. hippocampus

2. medial temporal lobes

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18
Q

theories of memory: consolidation theory - what does it suggest?

A
  • suggests that the hippocampus strengthens the bonds between different traces of memory (ex. sight, smells, etc.) which are located in diff areas of cortex
  • —> once they’re strong, the hippocampus no longer needs to be activated
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19
Q

theories of memory: consolidation theory - what law does it support?

A
  • Ribot’s law
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20
Q

theories of memory: multiple trace theory - what does it suggest?

A
  • all the diff traces of memory are encoded WITHIN the hippocamp (hippocamp binds them together)

—> each time the memory is retrieved, the hippocamp recreates the trace (activating the involved areas); can be specific/episodic or more general/schematic

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21
Q

theories of memory: cognitive map theory - what does it suggest?

A
  • hippocamp stores a spatial map of the environment
  • maps are “allocentric” or objective, independent of organism’s viewpoint
  • place cells respond maximally to being in certain locations
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22
Q

theories of memory: cognitive map theory - what is the duration of memory storage?

A
  • mem storage is permanent
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23
Q

theories of memory: consolidation theory - what is the duration of memory storage?

A
  • temporary (yrs)
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24
Q

theories of memory: multiple trace theory - what is the duration of memory storage?

A
  • mem storage is permanent
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25
Q

the hippocampus: where does incoming info converge?

A
  • the Entorhinal Cortex (EC)
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26
Q

the hippocampus: where does info enter the hippocampus?

A
  • perforant pathway
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27
Q

memory and the frontal lobes: what are the PFC’s 2 main tasks?

A
  1. working memory

2. working with memory (encoding, retrieving, manipulating info in LTM)

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28
Q

memory and the frontal lobes: what frontal region is most implicated?

A
  • Prefrontal Cortex
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29
Q

memory and the frontal lobes: ventrolateral PFC - what is its role? L and R Hemi?

A
  • memory encoding
  • L hemi: verbal memory encoding
  • R hemi: nonverbal memory encoding
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30
Q

memory and the frontal lobes: ventrolateral PFC - how does “level of processing” affect later memory performance?

A
  • “deep” encoding (semantics) of words leads to better recall later on vs shallow encoding (orthographic)
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31
Q

memory and the frontal lobes:

dorsolateral PFC - what is its role? in what task is it most active?

A
  • memory retrieval (ex. most active when doing free-recall [vs cued])
32
Q

memory and the frontal lobes:

dorsolateral PFC - damage here affects what type of memory?

A
  • affects source monitoring/source memory (ability to remember the original context in which something was learned ex. seen vs imagined, read vs told)
33
Q

memory and the frontal lobes:

medial PFC - what is its role?

A
  • temporal memory; remembering “when” something happened
34
Q

memory and the frontal lobes:

medial PFC - what does damage here lead to? (2)

A
  • issues with temporal source monitoring / prone to confabulation
35
Q

time scales of speech perception: what fts are identified in “short” changes vs “long” changes? how do brain oscillations respond?

A
  1. short changes: phonemic contrasts (ex. pet vs bet) [L hemi] [gamma waves]
  2. long changes: syllabic contrasts (record vs record ) [theta waves]
    - brain wave oscillations in temp lobe may match up with these changes of energy in the speech stream
36
Q

speech perception (words): how does the cohort model work?

A
  • all potential words are activated when u hear a sound –> words are filtered out as more info is gained from the speech stream
37
Q

speech perception (words): cohort model - which words have processing advantages? (1) what does this imply about semantic processing?

A
  • common words activated more quickly than uncommon
  • semantically related words don’t have any processing advantage –> indicates that semantic info is processed relatively late ex. after spoken word recognition
38
Q

speech perception (words): cohort model - where are phonological structures stored? (2)

A
  • STG and STS (Superior Temporal Cortex)
39
Q

semantic memory: how are object concepts organized? what areas respond more actively with increasing specificity? (2)

A
  • hierarchically ex. animal –> bird –> canary

- ventral temporal ctx + anterior temporal lobe (atls)

40
Q

semantic memory: what is embodied cognition?

A
  • model that suggests aspects of memory, perception or action ARE all involved in accessing conceptual knowledge
  • the conceptual knowledge of ex. objects is at least in part stored in the perceptual systems that corresponding to those features, such that accessing concepts involves activation of related perceptual areas
41
Q

semantic memory: ATL semantic hub - why is this likely? what kind of studies confirm it?

A
  1. ATL is well-connected to sensory and semantic networks!

2. data come from TMS, PET, MRI, etc. + semantic v PPA patients

42
Q

semantic memory: category specific deficits - why might animals and tools dissociate? (3)

A
  1. animals activate sensory/visual fts, tools are more functional
  2. animals activate areas involved with objects with many shared features, tools would not (Are more unique)
  3. the 2 concepts have evolutionary developed specializations/differentiations
43
Q

Broca’s aphasia: production + comprehension

A
  1. nonfluent speech
  2. apraxia of speech
  3. dysarthria
  4. agrammatism [noun heavy]
  5. repetition is ok, lots of omissions [usually of clases cerrados]
  6. difficulty understanding complex phrases/sentences [compared to simple, single word]
44
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia: production + comprehension

A
  1. hyperfluent speech, very little meaning conveyed [syntactic structure maintained]
  2. phonological paraphasia
  3. neologisms

comp:
1. very poor, sometimes nonexistent

  1. repetition: poor, neologisms and phonol. errors
45
Q

speech production (words): what is lexicalization?

A
  • selecting a single word based on the desired meaning one wants to convey
46
Q

speech production (words): como sabemos que ocurre en pasos? (1)

A
  • tip of the tongue states
47
Q

speech production (words): what are Levelt’s distinct stages? (3)

A
  1. lexicalization
  2. lemma retrieval
  3. phonological encoding / lexeme retrieval
48
Q

the literate brain: are reading and writing innate abilities?

A
  • probs no; are learned, cultural inventions, emerged 5k yrs ago, only developed universally ~ 100 yrs ago
49
Q

visual word recognition: what is parallel processing?

A
  • word recog not influenced by word length (all letters are processed equally / at the same time)
50
Q

visual word recognition: is more subject to top down or bottom up processing? (2)

A
  • influenced by BOTH; obscured letters can be filled in / easier to detect a word in the context of a real word vs pseudoword
51
Q

visual word recognition: how are the neural mechanisms for orthography composed? what does this reflect?

A
  • HIERARCHICALLY! multiple levels of processing; go by increasing complexity (points –> lines –> letter fragments)
  • reflect increasing receptive field size of cells
52
Q

visual word recognition: visual word form area - what does it do? voluntary or automatic? where is it?

A
  • brain area q responds to written words more strongly than to strings of consonsants, no matter where they are in the vis field
  • also responds to subliminal presentations –> implies it may be an automatic process
  • left lat fusiform gyrus
53
Q

visual word recognition: visual word form area - how does it respond in blind people?

A
  • blind ppl show activity in VWFA when reading braille!
54
Q

visual word recognition: visual word form area - what disorder results from damage here? what are its symptoms?

A
  • pure alexia: pts can’t perform parallel processing –> read words letter by letter (takes forever lol)
55
Q

visual word recognition: visual word form area - what are some critiques of this area? (3)

A
  1. also responds to non-words
  2. also responds to braille reading
  3. also responds to visual objects
56
Q

visual word recognition: visual word form area - how does it respond in illiterate people? what does this indiciate?

A
  • illiterate ppl show WEAK responses to words, v STRONG responses to faces, houses, etc/
  • may indicate a cognitive tradeoff
57
Q

reading words aloud: what are the 2 parts of the dual-route model?

A
  1. central pathway (for irregular words)

2. grapheme-phoneme conversion (for unfamiliar words)

58
Q

reading words aloud: deficits in the dual-route model - what word types are affected in phonological dyslexia? what region may be implicated?

A
  • perform worst on pseudo-words, do fine on real words

- perisylvian regions –> lead to other speech processing deficits!

59
Q

reading words aloud: deficits in the dual-route model - what word types are affected in surface dyslexia?

A
  • perform worst on irregular words (ex. yacht), fine on real words and pseudowords
60
Q

reading words aloud: deficits in the dual-route model - what word types are affected in deep dyslexia?

A
  • impaired on pseudowords and real words
61
Q

reading words aloud: deficits in the dual-route model - what part of dual-route model is impaired in surface dyslexia? what is the freq effect?

A
  • CENTRAL/LEX-SEMANTIC PATH is impaired –> reliance on grapheme-phoneme conversion
  • more common words are id’d easier
62
Q

reading words aloud: what brain areas are associated with the dual-route model? (3)

A
  1. ATLS
  2. IFG (BA44)
  3. INF Parietal Lobule
63
Q

reading words aloud: the dual-route model - what is the function of the ATLs? (2)

A
  1. semantic memory (for the lex-sem pathway)

2. gray matter volume here correlated with ability to read irregular words

64
Q

reading words aloud: the dual-route model - what is the function of the IFG? (2)

A
  1. broca’s area may assist in graph-phoneme conversion

2. reading low freq, irregular words

65
Q

reading words aloud: the dual-route model - what is the function of the inf. parietal lobule? (1)

A
  1. grapheme-phon conversion
66
Q

what is spelling?

A
  • selecting and retrieving a letter string; could be orally, mentally, etc.
67
Q

what is writing?

A
  • translating letter codes into a series of motor commands
68
Q

writing: dual-route model - what word types are affected in phonol. / surface / deep dysgraphia?

A
  1. phonol. - worse at pseudowords
  2. surface: worst at irregulars, fine with regular and pseudo
  3. deep: real better than pseudo, spelling errors on both
69
Q

writing: what is the graphemic buffer? what 2 fts does it mediate?

A
  • STM component, stores letter strings while carrying out ouput processes (ex. writing, typing)
  • mediates dual routes and output processes
70
Q

writing: what symptoms result from damage to the graphemic buffer? (4)

A
  1. single letter errors
  2. errors in the middle of words
  3. worse on longer words
  4. errors in all modalities, for words and pseudos
71
Q

spelling and writing: do they share the same mechanisms?

A
  • more or less
72
Q

VWFA: Sabsevitz et al. - (pure alexia) what is the research question? what methods were used? what were the main results?

A

electrical stim of left lat fusiform gyrus (VWFA) in an epilepsy pt, sham pulses for crtrl —>

results: ESM led to disruptions in the word reading trial during stimulation, could read the letters, not the words
- non-orthographic lang functions were not affected by stimulation
conc: VWFA implicted in word reading, not necessarily in writing –> may b different mechs for both processes

73
Q

VWFA: Reich et al. - (blind ppl) what is the research question? what methods were used? what were the main results?

A
  • what area is comparable to VWFA in blind readers?
  • fMRI, 8 congenitatlly blind parts, read real and nonsense braille words
    results: more activation in VWFA for real braille v nonsense / same relative area of activation in sighted and blind ppl / VWFA is reading specific (not just activated for any lang task) [tested via verb generation task]
    conc: VWFA isi multi-modal –> implicated in word reading regardless of if its visual or physical (braille)
74
Q

VWFA: de Shotten et al. - (arc fasic) what is the research question? what methods were used? what were the main results?

A
  • how does literacy affect the arcuate fasiculous/connective pthways? H: literacy would enhance communication between VWFA and Planum Temporale (PT)
  • Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) [tracking yt matter]
  • fMRI (buscando VWFA activation to word strings, PT activation to lexical decision tasks)
  • 5 ROIs: VWFA / Post Temp Lobe / PT / SMG / Ang Gyrus
  • 10 literates, illiterates, ex-literates
    results: Literates had higher FA/connectivity, higher myelination in L arcuate posterior segment of AF
75
Q

semantic knowledge: “Kiefer et al.” (acoustic words) - what methods were used? what were the main results?

A
  1. FMRI & ERPs; used lex decis task –> to get at implicit activations, no explicit mental imagery
  2. higher activation in pSTG / MTG for acoustic words (compared to words with visual or action fts)
    - rated sound quality of words beforehand —> words with higher sound quality ratings activated the STG/MTG more
76
Q

semantic knowledge: “Desai et al.” (manip. words in reading) what is the research question? what methods were used? what were the main results?

A
  1. can BOLD signal response to a lex variable be detected while reading connected text (vs. single words) / are manipulable nouns (refers to objects that can be phys manipuated) repped in sensory/motor brain areas?
  2. eye tracking + fMRI while reading pgraphs
    - 2 exps, both with comprble texts
  3. no sig differences in eye mvmnts; nouns w higher manip ratings activated L INF Parietal Lobule (SMG, IPS) significantly, an area resp or action planning n performance
    - exp 1 activated frontal areas –> may indicate executive func/planning associated w tools/actions (longer RTs –> higher processing difficulty? also smaller stim set)
77
Q

semantic knowledge: “Pobric et al.” (categ. general-specific sem. cog) what is the research question? what methods were used? what were the main results?

A
  1. is semantic cognition categ. general or specific?
  2. picture naming and number reading task + TMS stim to ATL + InfParietalLobule + Occ Lobe (ctrl)
  3. TMS stim of L ATL –> signif. slower RTs in picture naming, for living and nonliving, high and low manip objects (no effects on #s)
    TMS stim of IPL –> signif. slower RTs only for non-living, high manip, objects

–> suggest that ATL is an amodal hub (responsible for binding everything) and IPL is a spoke (praxis, action, tool manip) / support HUB and SPOKE model, reject distributed, hub only

SPRING 2022: TERMÍNALO! (7 decks)

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