psy 3090 exam #2

Question 1

what are the biological perspectives and its definitions?
(nature and nurture)

Answer 1

Nature: refers to genetic inheritance which influences behavior
Nurture: refers to environmental factors which influence behavior

Question 2

phenotype

Answer 2

the outward expression of a person’s genotype. (color of your eyes, color of your hair, type of hair, etc.)

Question 3

genotype

Answer 3

the genetic material a person inherits from biological parents.

Question 4

abnormalities -Physiology and anatomy

Answer 4

Brain tumors have been found to be causal factors of violent behavior.
Even minimal brain damage can affect behavior, emotions and memory

Question 5

Neurotransmitters

Answer 5

-very fast chemical messengers that affect many aspects of behavior
-linked to impulsivity

Question 6

what neurotransmitter is linked to aggression?

Answer 6

monoamine

Question 7

what happens when serotonin levels are low for male and females?

Answer 7

males= aggression and hostility
females=no linkers
impulsivity function

Question 8

what are the two hormones that affect aggression and criminality?

Answer 8

testosterone and cortisol
-these hormones carry messages at a slow rate

Question 9

what is testosterone?

Answer 9

Is one of the male sex hormones called androgens. (women can have it too)

Question 10

what do studies show on testosterone?

Answer 10

Soler et al (2000) found an association between testosterone and domestic violence
Batrinos (2012) found that testosterone levels are higher in prisoners who have committed violent behaviors.
Field studies have shown that testosterone levels increase during the aggressive phases of sports games

Question 11

what is cortisol?

Answer 11

-regulates stress
-Low levels of cortisol affect both boys and girls who have behavioral problems like conduct disorder

Question 12

what did studies find on cortisol?

Answer 12

Aitziber Azurmendi (2016) found just the opposite
He found that as cortisol levels increased, so did aggression in both boys and girls.
Both low and high levels of this hormone can affect aggression
Montoya (2011) found that both cortisol and testosterone jointly regulate aggressive behavior

Question 13

what does genetics cause?

Answer 13

aggression and adult criminal violence

Question 14

what is the Diathesis Stress Model?

Answer 14

Explains that a disorder is the result of an interaction between a person’s genes and their environment
A predisposition

Question 15

what is the Psychodynamic Perspective?

Answer 15

-emphasizes unconscious psychological processes (for example, wishes and fears of which we’re not fully aware)

Question 16

who is the founder of psychodynamic and what does he say about it?

Answer 16

Dr. Sigmund Frued
-says that aggression is an unconscious impulse that is repressed or hidden.
Freud said that if the aggressive impulse is very strong then some aggression can “leak” out of the unconscious.
A person may then become aggressive against a random, innocent victim.
He called this ‘displaced aggression’

Question 17

what is development?

Answer 17

the pattern of change that takes place throughout the lifespan.
Consists of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions.

Question 18

who discovered the three primary parenting styles?

Answer 18

Diana Baumrid in 1971

Question 19

authoritarian parenting style?

Answer 19

-which is too hard
-A strict style
Set rigid rules
Ex: teenager must be home by 8pm, if not punished
High expectations for their children
Does not allow children to make decisions
Not allowed to express feelings
Punishment is swift and severe
Some children conform.
In adulthood they:
Tend to be pleasers
Are submissive
Have low-self esteem
Some children rebel
They become:
Defiant and oppositional
The authoritarian style can put a child at risk for violence.

Question 20

what are the 3 parenting styles?

Answer 20

Authoritarian, which is too hard
Permissive, which is too soft
Authoritative, which is just right

Question 21

permissive parenting style?

Answer 21

Place few limits on their children
Gives in to their children’s demands
Allows them to orchestra their own lives
In adulthood they:
May have difficulty taking direction from authority figures

Question 22

authoritative parenting style?

Answer 22

Set boundaries and provide guidance
Freedom to make decisions and learn from their mistakes
(some also call it) Democratic parenting style
Allowed a voice -opinion
Give and take relationship
Compromise
“ You can go to the party, but get back at 10pm”
“You can go to the party, but i expect your room to be clean”
In adulthood they:
Are emotionally mature and responsible

Question 23

who discussed imploding and exploding?

Answer 23

Daniel in 2008

Question 24

imploding?

Answer 24

is when a person engages in self-destructive behavior.
They take their hurt, pain and anger out of themselves.
Examples would be:
isolating oneself which can lead to suicidal ideation
Self-medicating with drugs and alcohol
Binge eating
Cutting

Question 25

exploding?

Answer 25

when a person engages in other-destructive behavior They take their hurt, pain and anger out on others Examples would be: Bullying Physical and/or verbal violence toward others Road rage

Question 26

what is authoritative parenting associated with?

Answer 26

mirroring

Question 27

what is mirroring?

Answer 27

you repeat back to a person the essence of what has just been shared. (a sharer and a listener)

Question 28

what are the 3 types of mirroring?

Answer 28

empty, broken, & healthy

Question 29

how does good mirroring benefit children?

Answer 29

Mirroring a child's feelings can lead to the healthy expressions of feelings This can help minimize the need to be aggressive and violent (Rogers, 1980 and Rautalinko et al, 2007)

Question 30

empty mirroring?

Answer 30

he listener completely ignores what was just shared

Question 31

broken mirroring

Answer 31

The listener changes what was just shared by blaming or giving advice or comparing. (I told you to find another job) (Well this is your fault) (well that is nothing compared to other people)

Question 32

healthy mirroring

Answer 32

The listener accurately captures the feeling essence of what was just shared

Question 33

what are the steps in mirroring?

Answer 33

Listen to what the person is sharing (no day dreaming/looking at phone) 2. Capture the feeling essence or main feeling of what they are sharing 3. Use a short opening phrase like: It sounds like you’re feeling (disappointed, angry, frustrated) I can see how (devastated or upset) you are feeling You must be feeling (so worried or excited) right now. 4. Listen for the “Uh Huh” response or “Yes”, you understand me response.

Question 34

what is the social learning theory

Answer 34

most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions, this coded information serves as a guide for action

Question 35

what are the two learning mechanisms?

Answer 35

1. observational learning or modeling 2. rewards and punishment -operant conditioning

Question 36

who discovered the social learning theory?

Answer 36

Albert Bandura (1950’s-60’s)

Question 37

1. observational learning or modeling

Answer 37

He said that people learn by observing what others do. Bandura called this observation learning or social learning Bandura said that children are great imitators. In 1961, Bandura conducted the bobo doll experiment Observing an aggressive adult increases the likelihood of aggression in the child.

Question 38

operant conditioning

Answer 38

Behaviors that are rewarded are more likely to reoccur again Behaviors that are punished are less likely to reoccur A reward is any pleasant event or feeling A punishment is anything that makes a behavior less likely to be repeated

Question 39

what other factors affect violence and aggression?

Answer 39

temperament and attachment

Question 40

what is temperament?

Answer 40

The infant's individual style and frequency of expressing needs and emotions It is biologically and genetically based The environment can affect temperament also

Question 41

who found the 3 temperament patterns in babies? what year?

Answer 41

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess (1977)

Question 42

what were the 3 temperament patterns in babies?

Answer 42

Easy babies- are the most common They have regular routines Eat and sleep at predictable times They react to new situations cheerfully They seldom fuss B. Slow-To-Warm-Up babies Are shy React to new situations with caution They prefer watch rather than participate C. Difficult babies Are irregular and irritable Cry frequently and are easily upset They tend to be abused more often than the other styles Studies of preschool aged children find a positive relationship between difficult temperament and aggressive behavior

Question 43

what is attatchment?

Answer 43

-Attachment to a parent is one of the most important events in a child’s life -Attachment is the emotional bond between a child and his or her caregiver.

Question 44

This relationship between the quality of attachment and aggression works in what two ways?

Answer 44

A. violence in the family interferes in the formation of a strong, positive attachment B. insecure attachment may help cause aggression in children

Question 45

what did John Bowbly say?

Answer 45

said that a baby must attach with a significant caregiver during the first 18 months of life If the baby does not attach, it may become withdrawn and over time, engage in aggressive behavior

Question 46

what study did harry harlow do?

Answer 46

conducted a study on two monkeys that consisted of: 1. Attachment occurs because mothers feed their babies 2. Attachment is based on the warm, comforting contact the baby gets from the mother

Question 47

what 3 attachment styles did Mary Ainsworth come up with?

Answer 47

1. Non-Attached- this child does not feel close to his parents and may avoid or ignore them (not a good care-giver) 2. Insecurely attached- this child is filled with fear and insecurity (parent is inconsistent caregiver) Seems to lead to hostile-aggressive behavior during the preschool years 3. Securely attached- this child feels close and safe with his parents and shows appropriate closeness. (consistently meet the needs of a child)

Question 48

what were the factors that strengthen and weaken violent behaviors

Answer 48

Consequences: Realism and context Characteristics of the viewer

Question 49

what are the consequences of violence in the media?

Answer 49

A. Media does not highlight the pain and suffering of the victim When the victim’s pain and suffering is ignored, aggression is more likely to follow The victim does not seem bothered or disturbed by the violence that is done to them. They do not seem to be in pain or to be suffering The viewer perceives the violence as acceptable They may repeat the violence they have just watched B. Violent acts that are rewarded or do not have any consequences are more frequently limited Less than 20% of aggressors featured on television are punished for their behavior

Question 50

realism and context

Answer 50

A. media violence that imitates real life can have a profound effect on the viewer B. media violence that contains some humor may make the audience feel that violence is not that serious C. The main character’s violent behavior

Question 51

characteristics of the viewer

Answer 51

Who are the most susceptible viewers? Young children This is because young children find it difficult to distinguish fantasy from reality Studies show that interpretation of violence is important When parents make negative comments about violence on television children’s level of aggression is reduced. When parents make positive or neutral comments about the violence, children’s level of aggression increases. One individual difference is PERSONALITY People who generally more aggressive behave aggressively after watching media violence

Question 52

what are some examples of violent content in media?

Answer 52

Video games TV/movies Music videos Websites

Question 53

what has been blamed for aggressive and violent incidents in youths?

Answer 53

violence in the media

Question 54

in what type of genre are violent lyrics found in

Answer 54

rap, heavy metal, rock and country

Question 55

what are the lyrics depicting?

Answer 55

Violent aspects of urban life Criminal behavior Exalt the aggressor Condone excessive use of force misogyny homophobic antisocial

Question 56

when was the first violent video game released

Answer 56

1992

Question 57

whats the difference between violence in TV vs in video games?

Answer 57

TV is passive, video games are more inter-active. Violent games directly award violent behavior, by awarding points, or advancing to the next levels

Question 58

how do video games display violence?

Answer 58

Players of violent games often identify with a violent character. First person shooter games have the same perspective as the killer.

Question 59

how many people play the MMORPG-Massively multiplayer online role playing game?

Answer 59

Tens of millions of youth play them.

Question 60

what does MMORPG-Massively offer?

Answer 60

They offer opportunities for collective group violence Can engage in cooperative or competitive game play Users engage in text-based chat or voice chat over headsets Players can also engage in cyberbullying

Question 61

research consensus found that violence in video games causes people to?

Answer 61

More tolerance of violence More aggressive thoughts after playing More hostile feelings towards others Less empathy towards others and a decrease in helping behavior

Question 62

who included a new condition disorder and in what year?

Answer 62

in 2013, the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder

Question 63

The DSM diagnostic features are

Answer 63

A. repetitive use of internet-based games with at least five of the following criteria: 1. Preoccupation or obsession with internet games 2. Withdrawal symptoms when not playing internet games 3. A build up of tolerance- more time needs to be spent playing the games. 4. The person has tried to stop of curb playing internet games, but can’t 5. The person has had a loss of interest in other life activities, such as hobbies. 6. The person lied to others about his or her Internet game usage. 7. The person uses Internet games to relieve anxiety or guilt -it’s a way to escape. 8. The person has put at risk a relationship because of Internet games.

Question 64

who argued that Sony had a right under the 1st Amendment to sell mature games to minors

Answer 64

2005, Strickland vs. Sony- the Alabama Supreme Court

Question 65

what state passed the law to ban the sale of violent video games to minors?

Answer 65

California

Question 66

how many hours of tv does a child watch averagely and how many average violent acts

Answer 66

The average child watches 3 hours of TV per day. The average children’s show has 14 violent acts per hour.

Question 67

what does anime cause?

Answer 67

psychological torture

Question 68

how are children affected by violence on TV?

Answer 68

Research shows that children are definitely affected by this kind of violence. Can cause children to experience anxiety, nightmares and bedwetting. Parents must monitor what their children watch and block channels.

Question 69

what are some characteristics of the darker side of the internet?

Answer 69

1. More websites advocate violence and aggression Example Donovan Nicholas and Jeff the Killer 2. Interactive online games include violence 3. Cyber bullying 4. Online sexual solicitation 5. Sites that provide detailed directions on how to commit violent acts. 6. Hate sites target historically persecuted groups 7. Terrorist groups target youth to recruit them Much of the exposure was inadvertent

Question 70

what percentage of males and females are exposed to violent images?

Answer 70

A study of 13 to 16 year olds found that 77% of males and 55% of females were exposed to violent images online.

Question 71

Aggressive Disinhibition is influenced/caused by?

Answer 71

Aggressive disinhibition theory explains how the media can influence aggressive behavior A person’s normal restraints are loosened after exposure to media violence Aggressive behavior becomes normalized and these norms govern a person’s behavior

Question 72

what are the two main effects of Aggressive Disinhibition?

Answer 72

habituation and desensitization

Question 73

habituation?

Answer 73

the diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus.

Question 74

what are the effects of habituation?

Answer 74

Youth who watch a lot of TV violence became less physiologically aroused by violent movies than other youth. Repeated viewing of TV violence decreases the responsiveness to violent media.

Question 75

desensitization?

Answer 75

is a habituation phenomenon The diminished emotional responsiveness to a negative, aversive or positive stimulus after repeated exposure to it. Repeated exposure to violence causes desensitization to real-world violence.

Question 76

what are the effects of desensitization?

Answer 76

The diminished emotional responsiveness to a negative, aversive or positive stimulus after repeated exposure to it. Repeated exposure to violence causes desensitization to real-world violence.

Question 77

what are the Four types of media-induced desensitization have been identified?

Answer 77

Behavioral: a reduction in prosocial behavior when witnessing aggressive acts Cognitive: the person thinks about real world violence in a more positive way Emotional: a reduction in affective (emotions) responding to real life acts of violence Physiological: a reduction in biological responsiveness to real-life

Question 78

how can aggression be learned?

Answer 78

both direct and indirect experience

Question 79

direct learning?

Answer 79

depends on the consequences of an aggressive act

Question 80

indirect learning?

Answer 80

involves the observation and imitation of aggressive behavior

Question 81

scripts theory?

Answer 81

People hold a wide range of cognitive scripts which guide their behavior. Scripts are patterns of behavior that develop over time. Existing scripts are stored in memory They continue to develop as the person observes new behaviors and has new experiences

Question 82

cultivation theory?

Answer 82

Viewers view their environment as violent due to the unrealistic frequency of violent behavior that is portrayed in the media. The media encourages the audience to believe that the world is a mean, violent, and dangerous place. This creates a skewed reality called the mediated reality.

Question 83

what are the short and long term effects media violence?

Answer 83

Short-term effects- the viewer mimics the behavior displayed on the screen. Long-term effects-habitual behavior that results from regular observation and imitation.

Question 84

Huesmann and Eron (1986) do with scripts?

Answer 84

the media creates new scripts in a person and reinforces existing scripts. The person will take on the role within aggressive script which can lead to real life aggression

Question 85

Medved (1995) say?

Answer 85

says the extent to which violent crime is depicted on television in contrast with actual crime is staggering.

Question 86

Desensitization

Answer 86

There is evidence to suggest that violence becomes less upsetting and arousing over time. This process is known as desensitization Desensitization works by removing barriers Distress that prevents a person from behaving aggressively gets reduced

Question 87

what is Indirect aggression?

Answer 87

the aggressor attempts to harm another person without a face to face encounter. This is called cyber-bullying which is done online

Question 88

examples of indirect aggression?

Answer 88

gossiping, spreading rumors, revealing someone’s secrets and telling others not to associate with a person

Question 89

who is more likely to use indirect aggression?

Answer 89

girls

Question 90

why do girls use indirect aggression?

Answer 90

1. It is more socially acceptable 2. Since girl groups are often more intimate, they share more private information. 3. Girls realize they aren't as strong as boys and thus will suffer less severe consequences if they do not use physical force.