PSY 3090: Ch. 1 & 2 Flashcards
what did the 2016 study find?
found 1,024 mammal species and 600 human popuations from 50,000 years ago
violence- what defines us?
Jose Maria Gomez says violence defines us
violence- who practices lethal violence besides humans?
40% mammals practice lethal violence
Jose Gomez traced violence back to the first which hominids?
Cromagnons- 150,000 years ago
what are the 4 types of humans from the study?
Bands
Tribes
Chiefdoms
State
who hunted, gathered and stayed in one place and moved?
bands and tribes
who were agriculturists and moved and stayed in one place?
chiefdoms and states
how is violence within mammals in high population density?
the most violent
our most violent historical periods correspond to times with?
low population density
what are the eras of violence?
Roman ages, middle ages, and dark ages
when did violence start slowing down?
during the 1400’s, at the end of the Middle ages
in what arena were the most deaths/violence
the colosseum
what are the four types of aggression?
interpersonal, instrumental, hostile, & impulsive/stimulus seeking
whats interpersonal violence and examples
an individual or a group of individuals wanting to use physical force
ex: Homicides
Mass shootings
Suicide which is aggression against oneself
Political violence
the definition of violence
aggressive behavior with the intent to cause harm physically or psychologically
what is instrumental violence and ex?
is aggression that has as its purpose the achievement of a separate goal
ex: stealing food and money
-both humans and animals engage in this type of violence
what is hostile aggression and ex?
aggression performed for the purpose of harming the victim physically or psychologically
ex: Only humans engage in this type of aggression
what is impulsive/stimulus seeking and ex?
aggression that is performed impulsively and/or is done to increase sensory stimulation (to get adrenaline)
-offenders crave dangerous and risky situations due to chronic nervous system under-arousal.
-Many offenders commit violent crimes under the influences of substances
define family violence and where is it most common?
hostile aggression between people who are intimately involved, usually in poor neighborhoos
what is considered family violence
child abuse
incest
martial rape
elder abuse
what are the costs of violence? prison wise?
Medical expenses to victims
Lost productivity due to injuries
Expenditures for mental health services
-Today, the yearly cost - $31,00 per inmate
what is NCVS? and what do they focus on? (SG)
the national crime victimization survey that focuses on victims money loss which found $17.6 billion in 1992.
what are the causes for instrumental violence?
gain
-money and property
-revenge
-power and control
what are the causes for hostile violence?
motives
-anger and frustration
-emotional pain bc of child neglect/abuse
-thrill seeking
Why do many people who are exposed to early stress, neglect or violent abuse, never become violent themselves?
Genetic Predispositions
environmental conditions and hormonal imbalances
who is at most risk for violence
(family violence) since it has been viewed as acceptable behavior for centuries
-such as child abuse
-back then it was okay to beat wives
what child abuse case led to change of system
Mary Ellen Wilson in 1860’s.
what do American’s think of family violence today?
dont think it is a serious enough offense
what has increased within youth violence?
Bullying, homicide and mass school shootings
how common is violent behavior in the US? in regards to women?
U.S. has higher murder rates
The national family violence survey (NFVS) 4 million women are beaten domestically each year
This is compared to 660,000 women who are assaulted by strangers on the streets every year.
where do the 3 types of statistics on crime come from?
-police reports of arrests and convictions
-government surveys of victims of crime
3. self-report surveys
why do some crimes go unreported?
- Police cant identify offender
- The case cannot be prosecuted
- victim dismisses case/drops charges
- There are too many crimes to report so only the most serious are reported
what is UCR? focuses on who?
The official source of crime statistics are the (Uniform crime reports)
-focuses on the number of criminals
In the case of domestic violence against women, all these factors prevent women from reporting it due to:
Some women cannot recall the incident due trauma
They often believe the abuser was not committing any crime
They believe they are at fault and deserve the abuse
Their dependence on their partner motivates them to conceal the crime
Intense fear of retaliation stops women from reporting the violence
what is assult? examples?
Is the act of inflicting physical harm or unwanted physical contact upon a person
ex: verbal threats and aggressive yelling
what is happy slapping?
a group of people causing harm to a person while filming it
what gender is most likely to get assaulted?
happens to both men and women equally
what is juvenile violence known as? what are some common offenses?
also known as super predators
- common offenses were vandalism, graffiti, shoplifting and petty theft
94,000 arrests in 2016
what is teen homicide? also known as?
teens killing their parents which is known as PARRACIDE
what’s it called when teens kill their father and mother, respectively?
PATRICIDE and MATRICIDE
why do teens kill their parents?
teens are angry and think to only solution is to get rid of their pain is by killing their parents
who is responsible for most homicides?
males
how many Americans die a day by suicide (less than 200)
123 Americans
what is the second leading cause of death in America?
suicide
were there more homicides or suicides in the US?
there were more than twice as many suicides (47,173) in the United States as there were homicides (19,510)
what is the percentage increase since 2017 from teen firearms deaths?
30%
who was most likely to die from suicide in 2017?
males 15-19 were more than three times more likely than females to die from suicide
what gender was most likely to die from homicide and firearms?
Males were six times more likely to die from homicide and firearm incidents
what type of social class do juveniles have more of a chance of committing a violent offense?
the lower social class
what gender is more likely to commit violent offenses from lower income households?
both male and female
what is a critical factor for causes of social violence within juveniles?
academic achievement
what do Wright and Caspi (1999) believe about social causes of violence?
increases crime by increasing a person’s social alienation and stress.
what are the (social) causes of violence within adults?
social class, such as suffering from poverty increases homicidal behavior
In what race do Parker and Pruit (2000) believe poverty increases homicidal behavior?
Black and white people
unemployment is associated with?
more incarceration
what is the difference between men in lower SES than men in the higher SES?
men in the lower SES are more likely to abuse their wives
Kandel-Englander’s study - found that for both white and nonwhite repsondents?
Respondents who were pan-violent and street violent came from lower SES
what is pan-violence?
a person who engages in violent behavior both in the home and in society
what gender commits more crime within the lower ses?
both genders
pan-violent and street-violent men attain how much of education?
much less education
what is academic achievement?
is a person’s commitment to and achievement levels in school
High academic achievement is a protective factor for those at risk for?
violence
parents expect teachers to teach their kids?
Good study habits
Time management skills
Proper behavior including good manners
parents should teach their kids?
Create a quite space where their child can study
Teach time management
Instill virtues
Praise positive behavior
Be a source of ongoing educational support
according to the US census, what races/genders suffer from higher homicide rates?
There are higher homicide rates for African American men and women and Native American women
why are there higher homicide rates for african american men/women and native american women?
Unemployment
Violent neighborhoods
Fewer educational and financial resources
people of color are more likely to be suspected and charged with crimes
what happens when there is financial stress in lower ses?
more causes or robbery to provide for family
stress leads to family violence
having bigger families leads to?
family violence in abusing children due to frustration
where does street violence occur more?
rural cities
what happens when there is overcrowding in jails?
deadly violence
according to Calhoun (1990) what happens when male rats are in an overcrowded space?
showed no internet in offspring
and attacked both male/female rats
how did Rhesus monkey deal in overcrowded situations?
grooming one another
since 2011, inmate homicides rose to?
46%
what problems did Indian children have due to crowded conditions?
blood pressure problems, behavior and academic problems
is age a factor in crowded conditions?
yes sirrr
according to CDC, what states have the lowest suicide rates?
states with high population density
what states have the highest suicide rates? examples
low population density states such as:
Nevada
Utah
Idaho
and New Mexico
what are Sociological Perspectives?
examine social environments and how they lead to violence and criminal behavior
what are the 2 theories?
Hirsch’s (1990) Social Control Theory and Sutherland’s (1947) Differential Association Theory
what is the Sutherland’s (1947) Differential Association Theory?
people who see no problem with breaking the law
-A criminal learns to become a criminal by acquiring this belief system
Associating with law breakers is one of the strongest predictor of criminal behavior
what is the Hirsch’s (1990) Social Control Theory?
When a person is invested in and committed to a society, they will not misbehave
afraid to lose their wealth and investments
before the 1980’s it was believed women were?
mentally ill and a masochist
why do women stay in abusive relationships?
Financial and social dependence on the spouse
Lack of marketable skills
Having children to support
Continual childbearing
Fearful of being single, alone and poor
Fearful of being skilled
what causes these social factors for women to feel?
make women feel powerless
