Psy 256 Second Midterm Flashcards
CH. 6
Piaget’s preoperational period of cognitive development
preoperational intelligence- piaget’s cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6 (include language and imagination, which involves symbolic thought) biological operational thinking is not it possible
Developmental changes in children’s emotional development
Around ages 2-6
Emotion regulation
Emotion regulation
The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed
How does emotion regulation differ by gender
b
How care givers influence children’s emotional regulation
parents encourage and confirm their children’s self esteem by reminding them of their positive accomplishments
Development of child’s sense of pride guilt and shame
Guilt- refers to the self blame the people experience when they do something wrong
Shame- refers to peoples feelings of others blame them, disapproves of them, or are disappointed in them
As children become more self-aware they feel guilt when they realized their own mistakes guilt is more mature than shame because it comes from within the person
-pride is the foundation for the child’s ongoing practice of skills
three types of parenting styles
Authoritarian, authoritative and permissive
Authoritarian
Parents word is law, not to be questioned
Characterized by high behavioral standards strict punishment of misconduct and little communication
Authoritative
Parents of the limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children
Permissive
Parents make a few demands hiding any frustration they may feel discipline is lax partly because I have low expectations
-supportive, but do not feel responsible for shaping their children
Define empathy and antipathy
Empathy- ability ability to understand The emotions and concerns of another person especially when they differ from one’s own
Antipathy- Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person
How do empathy and antipathy relate to pro social behavior and antisocial behavior
Empathy leads to pro social behavior
antipathy can lead to antisocial behavior
Child Maltreatment
All intentional harm to, or avoidable engagement of, someone under the age of 18
Attachment styles
Secure-infant derives comfort and confidence from caregiver
insecure- infant exhibits fear or may seem indifferent to caregiver
disorganized- infant act oddly- may freeze, scream, hit self, throw things
Four forms of aggression
Instrumental, reactive, relational, bullying
Form 1: Instrumental
Hurtful behavior that’s intended to get something that another person has into keep it
Form 2: reactive
an impulsive retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical
Form 3: relational
Non-physical acts, such as pencils or social projection, aimed at harming the social connection between victim and other people
Form 4: bullying
Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims were unlikely to defend themselves
Gender identity
(2 yrs. old)
Gender stability
(4 yrs. old)
Gender constancy
(5 or 7 yrs. old)
Gender roles
Expressive Role = passive, nurturing, warm, sensitive, “people person”
Instrumental Role = dominant, independent, assertive, competitive
Gender roles stereotypes versus gender differences
People’s beliefs about the differences between males and females
vs
Actual (“research says”) differences between males and females
Androgyny
The balance within one person of traditionally masculine and feminine psychological characteristics
Theories of gender difference
-Biological Theory
hormones & brain structure matter!
-Psychoanalytic Theory
identification with same sex parent!
Discredited
Freud
-Social Cognitive Theory
imitation, reinforcements matter!
CH. 8
Significance of peers during childhood
We’re forced to be around them
How children’s perception of friends changes from preschool to adolescents
Early Childhood (2-6 yrs)
less reciprocal support & less shared intimacy
defined as “someone I like to play with”
Middle Childhood (6-11yrs.) mutual understanding & shared outlooks
Adolescence (11+ yrs.)
mutual self disclosure & understanding
Desire for trust, loyalty and commitment
Understand social awareness
Development of self understanding
-Self awareness allows for feelings of pride, guilt and shame.
Define social cognition
A person’s awareness and understanding of human personality, motives, emotions, intentions, and interactions of others.
Types of peer relationships
Friendships
Stable, dyadic relationships marked by reciprocity and intimacy
Peer Acceptance
How much one is liked by peers
Bullying
Involves repeated and systematic efforts to inflict harm
Myth of bullying and victimization
Bullies have Low Self-Esteem MYTH
Bullies are Socially Incompetent MYTH
Bullies Select their Targets FACT
Mobilizing Bystanders Reduces Bullying FACT
CH. 9
Early theorists’ notion of adolescent storm and stress
More stressed- sooner you’ll hit puberty
Does current research support notion of storm and stress
It proves it
Pubertal changes in adolescence
Body fat vs muscle
Hair
Testosterone vs Estrogen
Early maturer
Early Girls
- Depression, eating disorders, delinquency & substance abuse, school problems, conflicts with parents
Early Boys
- More favorable body image, higher popularity, early onset of delinquency, sex and drug use
Late maturer
Late girls
- Few problems, some teasing then they catch up
Late Boys
- Higher rates of alcohol use and delinquency than on timers, lower school grades
Changes in primary and secondary sex characteristics that occurred during puberty
- primary: parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis
- secondary: Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man’s beard and a woman’s breasts
3 forms of adolescent egocentrism
leads young people to focus on themselves to the exclusion
Form 1: personal
b
Form 2: invincibility
b
Form 3: imaginary audiences
b
piaget’s formal operations stage
systematic logic so you can think of abstract things
Examples of cognitive changes that occur during this stage
Preoperational thinking
-Symbolic function (2-4) **playing pretend
-Intuitive thought (4-7) ** why questions, theory theory: they know everything
-children lack conservation
the concept that the quantity or amount of something stays the same regardless of changes in shape or position
CH. 5
describe children’s thinking during Piaget’s preoperational period of cognitive development
Preoperational thinking
-Symbolic function (2-4) **playing pretend
-Intuitive thought (4-7) ** why questions, theory theory: they know everything
-children lack conservation
the concept that the quantity or amount of something stays the same regardless of changes in shape or position
Limitations on children’s thinking during Piaget’s preoperational period of cognitive development
b
Concept of Conservation and why children can’t solve conservation problems
b
egocentrism
lack of awareness of other perspectives
ex: Monologues -> talking about her dolly Tina, the color yellow
animism
the belief that everything in this world alive
Ex: the constipation youtube video
transductive reasoning
perception that if two things happen at the same time, one must cause the other
children’s theories`
Theory Theory-children attempt to explain everything they see and hear
Theory of Mind- enables a person to comprehend the emotions of other people as well as to realize what other people may or may not know, A person’s theory of what other people might be thinking.
In order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are. That realization is seldom achieved before age 4.
children’s understanding of false beliefs
Crayoms
CH 7
Describe and define the cognitive abilities that are present during Piaget’s Concrete Operational stage
Concrete operation period (7 to 11)
- the onset of logical thought
- Conserve
- Class inclusion, categorization (tigers are cats)
- Seriation (line up by size and color)
- Transitivity (logic)
- Metacognition (aware of mental mind, thinking about thinking)
CH 10
What is meant by identity
A consistent definition of one’s self as a unique individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations
define and give examples of James Marcia’s four identity statuses
Identity status 1:
b
Identity status 2: Moratoriun
socially acceptable waiting to make a decision
ex. going to college
Identity status 3:
b
Identity status 4:
b
Describe the four areas of identity achievement.
Religious identity
Gender identity : A person’s acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with the biological categories of male and female.
Political/cultural identity
Vocational identity
Describe the relationship between adolescents and their parents and how it changes during this time.
b
Describe the significance of peer support.
b
Describe issues related to sexuality and romantic activity during adolescence.
b
Know about depression and suicide during this time
common in middle adulthood, suicide more in males
Describe the current trends in adolescent drug use.
mostly psychoactive drugs
like being rebellious
