Coms 102 Midterm Flashcards
Five communication principles for a lifetime
1) be aware of your communications with yourself and others
2) effectively use and interpret verbal messages
3) effectively use and interpret nonverbal messages
4) listen and respond thoughtfully to others
5) appropriately adapt messages to others
Communication
The process of acting on information
Human communication
The process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others by creating meaning through verbal and nonverbal messages
Communication models
1) Communication as action: message transfer
2) communication as interaction: message exchange
3) Communication as transaction: message creation
Key components
Source, encoding, decoding, receiver, message, channel, Noise
Source
The originator of a thought or emotion who puts it into a code that can be understood by a receiver
encoding
The process of translating ideas and and feelings and thoughts into a code
Decoding
the process that is opposite of an encoding, occurs when the words or unspoken signals are interpreted by the receiver
Receiver
The person who decodes the message and attempts to make sense of what the source has encoded
Message
Written spoken and unspoken elements of communication to which people assign meaning
Channel
The pathway through which messages are sent
Noise
Interference, either literal or psychological, that hinders the accurate encoding or decoding of a message
Feedback
Response to a message
Context
The physical historical and psychological communication environment
Mediated communication`
Any communication that is carried out using some Channel other than those used in face-to-face communication
Asynchronous communication
Communication and which timing is out of sync; there is a time delay between when you send a message and when it is received
Synchronous communication
Communication in which messages occur in real time- when you speak or write, someone immediately responds to your message
Communication characteristics
Inescapable Irreversible Complicated Emphasizes content and relationships Governed by rules
Whenever we communicate with another person at least six “people” are really involved
Who you think you are
Who you think the other person is
Who you think the other person thinks you are
Who the other person thinks he or she is
Who the other person thinks you are
Who the other person thinks you think he or she is
Content dimension
The new information ideas or suggested actions that it communicator wishes to express
what is said
Relationship dimension
The aspect of a communication message that offers cues about the emotions attitudes and amount of power and control the speaker directed towards others
how something is said
Rule
A followable prescription that indicates what behavior is required or preferred and what behavior is prohibited in a specific situation
Principle one
Be aware of your communication with yourself and others
Intrapersonal communication
Communication that occurs within yourself including your thoughts or emotions and your perceptions of yourself and others
Principle two
Effectively use and interpret verbal messages
Language
The system of symbols (words of vocabulary) structured by rules (grammar) the make it possible for people to understand one another
Principle three
Effectively use and interpret nonverbal messages
Nonverbal communication
Communication by means other than written or spoken language that creates meaning for someone
Principle four
Listen and respond thoughtfully to others
Other-oriented
Being focused on the needs and concerns of others while maintaining one’s personal integrity
Principle five
Appropriately adapt messages to others
Adapt
To adjust both what is communicated and how a message is communicated
Three ways of communicating with others
Interpersonal, Group, and presentational communication
Interpersonal communication
Communication that occur simultaneously between two people who attempt to mutually influence each other usually for the purpose of managing relationships
Impersonal communication
Communication that treats people as objects or that responds only to their roles, rather than to who they are as unique people
Small group communication
The trans-active process of creating meaning among three to about 15 people who share a common purpose
Group
A collection of people who have a common goal feel a sense of belonging to the group and influence one another
Dyad
Two interesting people
Presentational communication
Communication that occurs when a speaker addresses a gathering of people to inform persuade or entertain them
Rhetoric
The process of using symbols to influence or persuade others
Mass communication
Communication accomplished through mediated message that is sent to many people at the same time
Organizational communication
The study of human communication as it occurs within organizations
Health communication
The study communication that has an effect on human health
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Self-awareness
The capacity to observe and reflect on one’s own mental states
Symbolic self-awareness
A unique human ability to develop and communicate a representation of oneself to others through language
People operate at 1 OF 4 levels
- unconscious incompetence
- conscious incompetence
- conscious competence
- unconscious competence
Self
The sum of you are as a person, your central inner force
Self-concept
Your interior identity or subjective description of who you think you are
Self image
Your viewing yourself in a particular situation or circumstance
Attitude
A learned predisposition to respond to a person object or idea at a favorable or unfavorable way
Belief
The way in which you structure your understanding of reality
what it’s true
what is false
Value
An enduring concept of good and bad or right and wrong
Three components within one’s self concept
Attitude, belief and value
Three components of the self
Material self, social self and spiritual self
Material self
The element of the self reflected in all the tangible things you own
Social self
Your concept of self as develops for your personal, social interactions with others
Spiritual self
The components of self based on introspection about values, morals and beliefs
John Stewart four characteristics of the self-concept
Identity is multidimensional and changing
- identity involves responsiveness to others
- identity develops through both past and present relationships
- avowed identity and ascribed identity
avowed identity
An identity you assign to yourself and portray
ascribed identity
An identity assigned to you by others
Self-reflexiveness
The human ability to think about what you’re doing while you’re doing it
Self esteem
Your assessment of you’re worth or value as reflected in your perception of such things as your skills, abilities, talents and appearance
Self concept clarity
The extent to which beliefs about oneself are clearly and confidently identified and stable overtime
Four factors that provide clues about the nature of self-esteem
- Gender
- social comparisons
- self expectations
- self-fulfilling prophecy
Gender
A cultural construction that includes one’s biological sex, psychological characteristics, attitudes about the sexes, and sexual orientation
Social comparison
Process of comparing oneself to others to measure one’s worth
Self expectations
Goals you have set for yourself
How you believe you ought to behave and accomplish
Self-fulfilling prophecy
The notion that protections about one feature are likely to come true because one believes they will come true
Narcissism
An inflated view of self especially about one’s own power and importance
Intrapersonal communication
How you taken stimuli in the environment or information and make sense of it
Also, thoughts and ideas that you say to yourself
Self talk
Inner speech; Communication with the self
Visualization
Imagining oneself behaving in a certain way
Reframing
The process of redefining events and experiences from a different point of view
6 strategies for enhancing self-esteem
- engage in positive self talk
- visualize
- reframe
- develop honest relationships
- surround yourself with positive people
- lose your baggage
Perception
The arousal of any of your senses
Three stages in the perception process
- attention and selection
- Organization
- interpretation
Attention
The act of receiving stimuli in your environment
Selection
The act of choosing specific stimuli in your environment to focus on
Organization
Converting information into convenient, understandable and efficient patterns that allow us to make sense of what we have observed
Closure
The perceptual process of filling in missing information
Interpretation
Attaching meaning to what is attended to, selected and organized
Stereotype
A generalization applied to persons perceived to have attributes common to particular group
Indirect perception checking
Using your own perceptual abilities to seek additional information to conform or refute your interpretation of someone’s behavior
Direct perception checking
Asking someone else whether your interpretations of what you perceive are correct
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Suggest that human language of God are so interrelated that thought is actually rooted in and controlled by language
Symbol
The word sound gesture or visual image that represents a thought concept object or experience
Meaning
A person’s interpretation of assemble
Bypassing
A communication problem that arises with the same word means different things to different people
Denotative meaning
The restrictive, or literal, meaning of the word
Connotative meaning
The personal and subjective meaning of the word
Concrete meaning
meaning that refers to something that can be perceived with one of the senses
Abstract meaning
meaning that refers to something that cannot be perceived or experienced with one of the senses
Culture
Hey Larenz system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, Rules and norms that are shared by a group of people and shapes from one generation to the next
neologism
a new term introduced into a language
Code switching
Practice of using one form of language and then switching to another form, usually seamlessly
allness
A word barrier created through the use of language that reflects unqualified, often untrue generalizations that deny individual differences or variations
Sexist (exclusive) language
Language that reveals bias in favor of one sex and against another
Heterosexist language
Language that reveals an assumption that the world is heterosexual, as if homosexuality or bisexuality does not exist
Homophobic language
Language that over lead to generates persons of nonheterosexual orientations, usually arising out of the fear of being labeled gay or lesbian
Generic language
Gen. terms and stand for all persons or things within a given category
Supportive communication
Language that creates a climate of trust, caring and acceptance
Defensive communication
Language that creates a climate of hostility and miss trust
Polarization
The tendency to describe things in extremes as if no middle ground exist
Trigger words
Forms of language that arouse strong emotions in listeners
Empathy
The ability to understand and feel what another person is feeling
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Nonverbal communication
Communication other than written or spoken language that creates meaning for someone
Expectancy violations model
The model suggest that we develop rules or expectations for appropriate nonverbal behavior and react when those expectations are violated
Artifact
Clothing or another element of appearance (i.e. Jewelry, tattoos, piercings, makeup)
kinesics
Movements, gestures and posture
Emblem
Nonverbal cue that has a specific, generally understood meaning in a given culture and may substitute for a word or phrase
Illustrator
A nonverbal behavior that accompanies a verbal message and complements contradicts or accents it
Affect display
a nonverbal behavior that communicates emotions
Regulator
Nonverbal behavior that helps controlled interaction or level of communication between people
Adapter
a nonverbal behavior that help satisfy a personal need and allows a person to adapt or respond to the immediate situation
haptics
The study of human touch
Touch ethic
A person’s own guidelines or standards as to appropriate and inappropriate touch
Paralanguage (voicalics)
Nonverbal aspects of voice (pitch, rate, volume, use of silence)
proxemics
The study of how close or far away from people and objects we position ourselves
hall’s 4 spatial zones
- intimate space 0-1.5 feet
- personal space 1.5-4 feet
- Social space 4–12 feet
- public space 12+ feet
Territoriality
The study of how humans use space and object to communicate occupancy of ownership of space
Territorial marker
The thing or action that signifies that an area has been claimed
Immediacy
Nonverbal behaviors that communicate feelings of liking pleasure and closeness
Arousal
Nonverbal behaviors that communicate feelings of interest and excitement
Dominance
Nonverbal behaviors that communicate power, status and control
Mehrabian three-part framework to improve nonverbal interpretive skills
Immediacy, arousal, dominance
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topical organization
Organization determined by the speakers direction or by recency, primacy or complexity
recency
Arrangement of ideas from least important and most important or from weakest to strongest
primacy
Arrangement of ideas from most important to least important or from strongest to weakest
complexity
arranging ideas from simple to more complex
5 types of organization
Topical, Chronological, spatial, cause and effect, and problem-solution
Specificity
Organization from specific information to a more general statement or from a general statement to specific information
Soft evidence
Illustrations descriptions explanations and opinions
Hard evidence
Statistics
Signpost
A verbal or nonverbal organizational signal (transition)
Preview
A statement of what is to come
Initial preview
First statement of the main ideas of presentation presentation usually presented with or near the central idea
Internal preview
A preview within the stage that introduces idea still to come
Transition
A word phrase or nonverbal cues that indicates movement from want to get to the next or the relationship between ideas
Verbal transition
A word or phrase that indicates the relationship between two ideas
Nonverbal transition
A facial expression, vocal cue, or physical movement that indicates the speaker is moving from one idea to the next
Summary
A recap of what has been said
Internal summary
A recap within the presentation of what has been said so far
Final summary
A recap of all the main points of her presentation, usually occurring just before or during the conclusion
Introduction
Opening lines of the presentation, which must cast the audiences attention, introduced the topic, give the audience a reason to listen, establish credibility, State the central idea, and preview the main ideas
Conclusion
Closing lines of a presentation, which leave a final impression
Closure
The sensitive presentation is finished
Preparation outline
The detailed outline
Includes the central idea, main ideas and supporting material
Standard outline format
Conventional use of numbered and lettered headings and subheadings to indicate the relationships among part of the presentation
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Four methods of delivery
Manuscript
Memorize
Impromptu
Extemporaneous
Manuscript speaking
Reading a presentation from a written text
Memorized speaking
Delivering a presentation word for word from memory without using notes
Impromptu speaking
Delivering a presentation without advanced preparation
Extemporaneous speaking
Delivering a well-developed, well organized, carefully rehearsed presentation without having memorized exact wording
Using 5 types of words well
Use: specific concrete words unbiased words vivid words simple words correct words
Specific word
A word that refers to an individual member of a general class
like a dog
Concrete word
The word that refers to an object or described in action or characteristic the most specific way possible
poodle, not just dog
Unbiased word
A word that does not stereotype, discriminated against, or insult either gender or any racial, cultural, or religious group
A vivid word
A colorful word
Simple word
A word known to most people who speak the language
Correct word
A word that means what the speaker intends and is grammatically correct the the phrase or sentence in which it appears
3 ways of crafting memorable words structures
Figurative language
Drama
Candence
Metaphor
Making an implied comparison
Simile
Making a comparison using like or as
Personification
Attributing human qualities to nonhuman things or ideas
Omission
Leaving nonessential words out of the phrase or sentence
Inversion
Reversing the normal order of words and phrases or sentence
Suspension
Holding the key words in a phrase or sentence until the end
Parallelism
Using two or more clauses or sentences with the same grammatical structure
Antithesis
Using a two part parallel structure in which the second part trust meeting with the first
Repetition
Using a keyword or phrase more than once
Alliteration
Repeating a consonant sound
Effective nonverbal delivery
eye contact Physical delivery Gestures Movements Posture Facial expression Vocal delivery Volume Pitch Rate Articulation Appearance
Physical delivery
A person’s gestures, movement, and posture, which influence how message is interpreted
Vocal delivery
Nonverbal voice cues, including volume, pitch, rate and articulation
Inflection
Variation in vocal pitch
Rate
How fast or slowly as speaker speaks
Dialect
A speech style commons and ethnic group or geographic region
-Southern drawl
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Types of informative presentations
Presentations about objects Presentations about procedures Presentations about people presentations about events Presentations about ideas
T E A C H (procedures)
Tell Example Apply Coach Help
Strategies for making your informative presentation clear
Simplify ideas
Pace your information flow
Relate new information to old
Strategies for making your informative presentation interesting
Relate to your listeners interest
Use attention-getting supporting material
Establish a motive for your audience to listen to you
Use picture words
Create interesting presentation aids
Use humor
Word picture
A vivid description that invites listeners to draw on their senses
Strategies for making your informative presentation memorable
Build in redundancy
Use adult learning principles
Reinforce key ideas verbally
Reinforce key ideas nonverbally
Adult learning principles
-Preferences of adult learners for what and how they learn
Suggest that adults prefer:
Relevant information they can use it immediately
Active involvement in the learning process
Connections between the new information and their life experiences
