Psy 256 First Midterm Flashcards
- Define development
How people of all kinds, everywhere, of every age, change overtime
3 major domains of human development
3 examples
Biosocial- growth/change in the body
Cognitive- mental processes, like imagination
Psychological- development of emotions, temperament, and social skills
development is multidirectional
human characteristics change in every direction
-enables researchers to recognize the gains and losses often occur together as people age and that loss of may lead to gains or vice versa
development is multicontextual
Development takes place within many contacts including physical surroundings and family patterns
- those who study the lifespan take dozens of contacts into account
- ses
development is multicultural
Culture affects every action dust understand anyone’s development scientist must consider the culture in which a person is immersed
development is multidisciplinary
Specialization provides a deeper understanding
-human development requires insight and information from many disciplines
development is plastic.
Human traits can be molded
- changes possible
- development builds on what has come before
Lifespan Perspective
An approach to the study of human development that takes into account all phases of life, not just childhood or adulthood
Major controversy 1 Continuity vs discontinuity
Extent to how distinct or gradual stages of development are
Major controversy 2 stability vs change
Relative contributions of genes or experience/environment have on the development of traits and behaviors
Major controversy 3 nature vs nurture
Extent of how consistent traits from infancy remain present throughout the lifespan
Five developmental theories
psychoanalytic theory, Behaviorism, Cognitive theory, The Systems theories
Developmental theory
Is systematic statement of principles and generalizations to provide a framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older
Psychoanalytic theory
Inner drives and motives are the foundation
- Sigmund Freud
- Erikson
- at each stage there is sensual satisfaction
- early stages provide foundation for adult behavior
Behaviorism
Studies observable behavior
-also called learning theory because it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned, which is step by step
-Direct opposition to psychoanalytic
-classical conditioning and reinforcement
_pavlov, Skinner
Social Learning Theory
Humans learn from observing others without personally receiving reinforcement
- often called modeling
- what they learn varies depending on the social context
- Bandura
Cognitive Theory
Each person’s ideas and beliefs are of central importance
-thoughts and expectations profoundly affected actions
-individuals mental abilities and behavior are a combined result of biological maturation and adaptation to the environment
_Piaget
Ethological Theory (evolutionary)
Behavior is a product of evolution and is biologically determined
-Lorenz
Ecological theory
Individuals develop within a system of relationships or contacts
-Bronfenbrenner
Scientific Method
Methods for Collecting Data
1. Formulating a research question. 2. Developing a hypothesis. 3. Testing the hypothesis. 4. Drawing conclusions. 5. Making the findings available.
Genotype
An organisms entire genetic inheritance or genetic potential
Phenotype
The observable characteristics of a person including appearance personality and intelligence and all other traits
Three prenatal development stages
Germinal, embryonic period, we’ll.
Germinal
b
Embryonic period
b
Fetal period
b
3 stages of birth
Dilation/excitement, delivery, afterbirth
Dilation/excitement
- initial phase
- active phase
Delivery
-crowning of the head
Afterbirth
-delivery of placenta
Apgar scale
Five vital signs heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color and reflexes
- taken at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes afterbirth
- each receive a score of 1 or 2
- 7 or above all is well
5 aspects of the Apgar scale
Five vital signs
- heart rate
- breathing
- muscle tone
- color
- reflexes
Teratogens
Agents and conditions including viruses drugs and chemicals that can impair prenatal development results results and birth defects or even death
3 prenatal factors that increase risk of teratogens
???
Brain development in the first 2 years
During the first months and years of rapid growth and refinement occur in axons, dendrites, and synapses, especially in the cortex
- buy six months infants immediately recognize the faces of their caregivers
- nurons and synapses proliferate (increased rapidly) before birth, but are trimmed back later
- the prefrontal cortex is the last part of the brain to mature, it is the area for anticipation, planning, and impulse control
Newborn sleep states
- primarily active sleep not quiet sleep
- lots of REM sleep
- over the first month REM sleep declines
- at 3 or 4 months, quiet sleep increases
Name the seven reflexes
Grasp, Moro, Rütting, sucking, Babinski, stepping, swimming
Grasp
When palms are touched the infant grasps tightly
Moro
when someone startles them and infants fling their arms outward and then bring them together on her chest as if to hold on to something while crying with wide open eyes
Rooting
Causes babies to turn them out toward anything that brushes against her cheeks
Sucking
Causing newborns to suck anything that touches their lips
Babinski
When infant’s feet are stroking their toes fan upward
Stepping
When infants are held upright with their feet touching a flat surface they move their legs as if to walk
Swimming
When laid horizontal he under stomachs infant stretch their arms and legs
Evaluate the newborns abilities
hear- most Advance of the newborns senses
smell-
taste-
feel- especially sensitive in the early months
sight- least mature sense at birth, Focus only on objects between 4 and 30 inches away,
Proximodistal development
central body to extremities
-Relate to the sequence of motor development because
cephalocaudal development
head to toe
-Relate to the sequence of motor development because
Sudden infant death syndrome
The situation in which a seemingly healthy infant at least two months of age suddenly stopped breathing and dies unexpectedly while asleep since
Hypothesize causes of SIDS
- Genetic weakness
- Underdeveloped reflexes
- Modern day child care practices
Piaget’s sensorimotor period of development (goal directed behavior)
- stage one reflexes
- stage 2 the first acquired adoptions
- stage 3 making interesting events last
- stage 4 new adaption and anticipation
- stage 5 new means for active experimentation
- stage 6 new means through mental combinations
Information processing theory
- has taught us about infant perceptions
- a perspective that compares human thinking processes by analogy to computer analysis of data including sensory input connections, stored memories and output
Infant development of depth perception, how it is studied
The visual cliff was designed to provide the illusion of a sudden drop off between one horizontal surface and another
-even three month old noticed a drop but non-crawlers did not realize they could fall
Infants memory capacity
Infants store no memories in their first year
-do not remember things that occurred a day or two earlier until they’re 1 1/2 years old
- very young infants can remember if experimental conditions are similar to real life, motivation is high, or special measures aid memory retrieval
- memory is fragile early in life
- three month old infant’s couldn’t remember after two weeks if they had a brief reminder session before being retested
- middle of the 2nd year toddlers can remember and reenact more complex sequences
early steps of language development
- infants demonstrate that they understand the rhythm syllables sounds and candence of spoken words
- 6 months: can distinguish whether or not someone is speaking their native language even without sound
- 6 to 9 months: babies repeat certain syllables (babbling)
- 1 year: baby speak a few words
- once vocabulary reaches about 50 words and builds quickly at the rate of 50 to 100 words per month
- this language spurt is called the naming exploration because the first words include mostly nouns
- grammar becomes obvious at about 21 months, need vocabulary first
Explanation or theories of language development
- infants need to be taught
- infants teach themselves
- social impulses foster infant language learning
Developmental timetable of emotions
birth- crying, contentment 6 weeks- social smile 3 months- laughter, curiosity 4 months- full, responsive smiles 4 to 8 months- anger 9 to 14 months- fear of social event 12 months- fear of unexpected sights and sounds 18 months- self-awareness, pride, shame, and embarrassment
Development of social bonds
b
Attachment process, how why they’re formed
-attachment is a lasting emotional bond that one person house with another
-begin to form in early infancy, are evident by eight months, solidified by each one, and influence a persons close relationships throughout life
-
Signs of securely attached infants
- feel comfortable and confident
- our confidence comforted by closeness of the caregiver assuring them it is safe to venture forth
Signs of insecurely attached infants
-have less confidence
- play independently without maintaining contact with the caregiver
OR
-an insecure child might be unwilling to leave the caregivers lap
Social referencing
- seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar object or event by serving someone else’s expressions and reactions
- that other person becomes a social reference
- evident in children at about age 1
