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Winter '15 > Psy 256 First Midterm > Flashcards

Psy 256 First Midterm Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Define development
A

How people of all kinds, everywhere, of every age, change overtime

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2
Q

3 major domains of human development

3 examples

A

Biosocial- growth/change in the body
Cognitive- mental processes, like imagination
Psychological- development of emotions, temperament, and social skills

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3
Q

development is multidirectional

A

human characteristics change in every direction
-enables researchers to recognize the gains and losses often occur together as people age and that loss of may lead to gains or vice versa

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4
Q

development is multicontextual

A

Development takes place within many contacts including physical surroundings and family patterns

  • those who study the lifespan take dozens of contacts into account
  • ses
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5
Q

development is multicultural

A

Culture affects every action dust understand anyone’s development scientist must consider the culture in which a person is immersed

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6
Q

development is multidisciplinary

A

Specialization provides a deeper understanding

-human development requires insight and information from many disciplines

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7
Q

development is plastic.

A

Human traits can be molded

  • changes possible
  • development builds on what has come before
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8
Q

Lifespan Perspective

A

An approach to the study of human development that takes into account all phases of life, not just childhood or adulthood

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9
Q

Major controversy 1 Continuity vs discontinuity

A

Extent to how distinct or gradual stages of development are

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10
Q

Major controversy 2 stability vs change

A

Relative contributions of genes or experience/environment have on the development of traits and behaviors

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11
Q

Major controversy 3 nature vs nurture

A

Extent of how consistent traits from infancy remain present throughout the lifespan

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12
Q

Five developmental theories

A

psychoanalytic theory, Behaviorism, Cognitive theory, The Systems theories

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13
Q

Developmental theory

A

Is systematic statement of principles and generalizations to provide a framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older

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14
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

Inner drives and motives are the foundation

  • Sigmund Freud
  • Erikson
  • at each stage there is sensual satisfaction
  • early stages provide foundation for adult behavior
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15
Q

Behaviorism

A

Studies observable behavior
-also called learning theory because it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned, which is step by step
-Direct opposition to psychoanalytic
-classical conditioning and reinforcement
_pavlov, Skinner

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16
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Humans learn from observing others without personally receiving reinforcement

  • often called modeling
  • what they learn varies depending on the social context
  • Bandura
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17
Q

Cognitive Theory

A

Each person’s ideas and beliefs are of central importance
-thoughts and expectations profoundly affected actions
-individuals mental abilities and behavior are a combined result of biological maturation and adaptation to the environment
_Piaget

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18
Q

Ethological Theory (evolutionary)

A

Behavior is a product of evolution and is biologically determined
-Lorenz

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19
Q

Ecological theory

A

Individuals develop within a system of relationships or contacts
-Bronfenbrenner

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20
Q

Scientific Method

A

Methods for Collecting Data

1. Formulating a research question.
2. Developing a hypothesis.
3. Testing the hypothesis.
4. Drawing conclusions.
5. Making the findings available.
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21
Q

Genotype

A

An organisms entire genetic inheritance or genetic potential

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22
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable characteristics of a person including appearance personality and intelligence and all other traits

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23
Q

Three prenatal development stages

A

Germinal, embryonic period, we’ll.

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24
Q

Germinal

A

b

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25
Q

Embryonic period

A

b

26
Q

Fetal period

A

b

27
Q

3 stages of birth

A

Dilation/excitement, delivery, afterbirth

28
Q

Dilation/excitement

A
  • initial phase

- active phase

29
Q

Delivery

A

-crowning of the head

30
Q

Afterbirth

A

-delivery of placenta

31
Q

Apgar scale

A

Five vital signs heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color and reflexes

  • taken at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes afterbirth
  • each receive a score of 1 or 2
  • 7 or above all is well
32
Q

5 aspects of the Apgar scale

A

Five vital signs

  • heart rate
  • breathing
  • muscle tone
  • color
  • reflexes
33
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents and conditions including viruses drugs and chemicals that can impair prenatal development results results and birth defects or even death

34
Q

3 prenatal factors that increase risk of teratogens

A

???

35
Q

Brain development in the first 2 years

A

During the first months and years of rapid growth and refinement occur in axons, dendrites, and synapses, especially in the cortex

  • buy six months infants immediately recognize the faces of their caregivers
  • nurons and synapses proliferate (increased rapidly) before birth, but are trimmed back later
  • the prefrontal cortex is the last part of the brain to mature, it is the area for anticipation, planning, and impulse control
36
Q

Newborn sleep states

A
  • primarily active sleep not quiet sleep
  • lots of REM sleep
  • over the first month REM sleep declines
  • at 3 or 4 months, quiet sleep increases
37
Q

Name the seven reflexes

A

Grasp, Moro, Rütting, sucking, Babinski, stepping, swimming

38
Q

Grasp

A

When palms are touched the infant grasps tightly

39
Q

Moro

A

when someone startles them and infants fling their arms outward and then bring them together on her chest as if to hold on to something while crying with wide open eyes

40
Q

Rooting

A

Causes babies to turn them out toward anything that brushes against her cheeks

41
Q

Sucking

A

Causing newborns to suck anything that touches their lips

42
Q

Babinski

A

When infant’s feet are stroking their toes fan upward

43
Q

Stepping

A

When infants are held upright with their feet touching a flat surface they move their legs as if to walk

44
Q

Swimming

A

When laid horizontal he under stomachs infant stretch their arms and legs

45
Q

Evaluate the newborns abilities

A

hear- most Advance of the newborns senses
smell-
taste-
feel- especially sensitive in the early months
sight- least mature sense at birth, Focus only on objects between 4 and 30 inches away,

46
Q

Proximodistal development

A

central body to extremities

-Relate to the sequence of motor development because

47
Q

cephalocaudal development

A

head to toe

-Relate to the sequence of motor development because

48
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome

A

The situation in which a seemingly healthy infant at least two months of age suddenly stopped breathing and dies unexpectedly while asleep since

49
Q

Hypothesize causes of SIDS

A
  • Genetic weakness
  • Underdeveloped reflexes
  • Modern day child care practices
50
Q

Piaget’s sensorimotor period of development (goal directed behavior)

A
  • stage one reflexes
  • stage 2 the first acquired adoptions
  • stage 3 making interesting events last
  • stage 4 new adaption and anticipation
  • stage 5 new means for active experimentation
  • stage 6 new means through mental combinations
51
Q

Information processing theory

A
  • has taught us about infant perceptions
  • a perspective that compares human thinking processes by analogy to computer analysis of data including sensory input connections, stored memories and output
52
Q

Infant development of depth perception, how it is studied

A

The visual cliff was designed to provide the illusion of a sudden drop off between one horizontal surface and another
-even three month old noticed a drop but non-crawlers did not realize they could fall

53
Q

Infants memory capacity

A

Infants store no memories in their first year
-do not remember things that occurred a day or two earlier until they’re 1 1/2 years old

  • very young infants can remember if experimental conditions are similar to real life, motivation is high, or special measures aid memory retrieval
  • memory is fragile early in life
  • three month old infant’s couldn’t remember after two weeks if they had a brief reminder session before being retested
  • middle of the 2nd year toddlers can remember and reenact more complex sequences
54
Q

early steps of language development

A
  • infants demonstrate that they understand the rhythm syllables sounds and candence of spoken words
  • 6 months: can distinguish whether or not someone is speaking their native language even without sound
  • 6 to 9 months: babies repeat certain syllables (babbling)
  • 1 year: baby speak a few words
  • once vocabulary reaches about 50 words and builds quickly at the rate of 50 to 100 words per month
  • this language spurt is called the naming exploration because the first words include mostly nouns
  • grammar becomes obvious at about 21 months, need vocabulary first
55
Q

Explanation or theories of language development

A
  • infants need to be taught
  • infants teach themselves
  • social impulses foster infant language learning
56
Q

Developmental timetable of emotions

A 
birth- crying, contentment
6 weeks- social smile
3 months- laughter, curiosity
4 months- full, responsive smiles
4 to 8 months- anger
9 to 14 months- fear of social event
12 months- fear of unexpected sights and sounds
18 months- self-awareness, pride, shame, and embarrassment
57
Q

Development of social bonds

A

b

58
Q

Attachment process, how why they’re formed

A

-attachment is a lasting emotional bond that one person house with another
-begin to form in early infancy, are evident by eight months, solidified by each one, and influence a persons close relationships throughout life
-

59
Q

Signs of securely attached infants

A
  • feel comfortable and confident

- our confidence comforted by closeness of the caregiver assuring them it is safe to venture forth

60
Q

Signs of insecurely attached infants

A

-have less confidence
- play independently without maintaining contact with the caregiver
OR
-an insecure child might be unwilling to leave the caregivers lap

61
Q

Social referencing

A
  • seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar object or event by serving someone else’s expressions and reactions
  • that other person becomes a social reference
  • evident in children at about age 1

Winter '15 (4 decks)

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