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Psy 201 Flashcards

1
Q

Psycology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Scientific Method (def)

A

A set of rules for gathering and analyzing information to test an idea or hypothesis

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3
Q

Theory

A

An explanation of why and how a behavior occurs

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4
Q

Pseudo-psychology

A

Information/conclusions not systemically tested using the scientific method

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5
Q

Goals of Psychology

A

Describe, predict, explain, and control/change behavior

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6
Q

Scientific Method (steps)

A

1) Describe and define the issue
2) Form a testable hypothesis about the relationship between two variables
3) Choose an appropriate research strat
4) Conduct the study (just do it)
5) Analyze the data

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7
Q

Meta-analysis

A

The results of multiple studies researching the same question

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8
Q

Predictive hypothesis

A

An educated guess about the relationships or associations among variables (Ex: jittery movement, foggy head, and mood swings can all be symptoms of anxiety)

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9
Q

Casual hypothesis

A

An educated guess about how one variable affects another variable (Ex: academic pressure can have an affect on anxiety levels)

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10
Q

Sample

A

A portion of the population of interest (Ex: a singer at a concert choosing someone to come on stage)

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11
Q

Population of interest

A

A population/group from which a researcher attempts to draw conclusions

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12
Q

Direct observation

A

When you watch interactions, processes, or behaviors as they occur

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13
Q

Rating scale test

A

A closed-end survey question that is used to evaluate how survey responders feel about a particular product or statement.

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14
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

a psychological personality test that focuses on the subconscious dynamics of a person’s personality; People explain what they think is happening in ambiguous scenes

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15
Q

Personality inventory

A

a self-assessment method, often a standardized questionnaire, that reveals insights into an individual’s character; Personality test

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16
Q

Case study

A

An in depth of one or a few participants or settings

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17
Q

Correlational studies

A

The study of the strength of a relationship between two or more variables; range from -1 to 1

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18
Q

Experiments

A

Test casual hypothesises

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19
Q

quasi-experiment

A

Not a true experiment, because it is not truly randomized

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20
Q

Double blind studies

A

Neither participants nor experimenters know who is receiving placebos and who is receiving the real medication

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21
Q

Confounding variables

A

Factors other than the independent variable that affect the dependent variable

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22
Q

Informed consent

A

The researchers tell the participants the aspects of the study before they agree

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23
Q

Structuralism

A

The structure of our thoughts or basic aspects of our mental experiences

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24
Q

Introspection

A

Self-observation technique to identify the structure of thought focusing on one’s thoughts, feelings and sensations

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25
Biological perspective
focuses on physical reasons for behavior
26
Evolutionary perspective
Focuses on how evolution and natural selection influence behavior
27
Psychodynamic perspective
Focuses on internal unconcious mental processes, motives, and desires that may explain behavior
28
Behavioral perspective
Focuses on external causes of behavior
29
Sociocultural perspective
Focuses on societal and cultural factors that may influence behavior
30
Humanistic perspective
Focuses on how people's view of themselves and the world influence behavior
31
Cognitive perspective
Focuses on how mental processes (memory, expectation, belief, problem solving, etc.) influence behavior
32
Eclectic approach
Integrates and combines several perspectives to explain behavior
33
Margaret Washburn
First woman to receive a doctorate in psychology; 1894
34
Francis Sumner
First black American to receive a doctorate in psychology, 1920; The father of black psychology, helped the wrong hu build up department of psyc
35
Inez Prosser
First black woman to receive a doctorate in psychology, 1933;
36
How many PhDs in psychology belong to women?
75%, three quarters of them all
37
How many PhDs in psychology belong to minorities
20% of all of them
38
Plato says the mind is located:
In the head (spherical)
39
Aristotle says the mind is located:
In the heart
40
Phrenology
The pseudoscience of measuring bumps on the head to predict mental traits, started by Franz Gall
41
What is neuroplasticity?
The brain's ability to change based on experience/damage done
42
What is a neuron?
Nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
43
Dendrites
Neuron extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward the cell body
44
Axons
Other neurons or cells
45
Glial cells (glia)
Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory
46
Synapse
Junction between the axon tip of a sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of a receiving neuron
47
Refractory period
Period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
48
Threshold
Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
49
All-or-none response
A neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing
50
Neurotransmitters
Neuron-produced chemicals that cross synapses to carry messages to other neurons or cells; when released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse
51
Reuptake
Neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron
52
Multiple sclerosis involves
The degeneration of the myelin sheath
53
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Affects muscle action, learning, and memory.
54
With Alzheimer’s disease, ____ producing neurons deteriorate.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
55
Endorphins
Natural opiates released in response to pain and exercise.
56
Oversupply with opiate drugs can suppress the body’s natural _______ supply.
Endorphins
57
Dopamine
Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion
58
Oversupply of ____ is linked to schizophrenia. Undersupply of _____ is linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson’s disease.
Dopamine
59
Serotonin
Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
60
Undersupply of ____ linked to depression. Some drugs that raise ______ levels are used to treat depression
Serotonin
61
Norepinephrine
Helps control alertness and arousal
62
Undersupply of _____ can depress mood.
Norepinephrine
63
63
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
A major inhibitory neurotransmitter
64
Undersupply of _____ linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia.
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
65
Glutamate
A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory
66
Oversupply of _____ can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures.
Glutamate
67
Agonist
Molecule that increases a neurotransmitter’s action
68
Antagonist
Molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter’s action
69
Central nervous system (CNS)
The brain and the spinal cord; the body’s decision makers.
70
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body for gathering and transmitting information; Somatic and automatic nervous system
71
Sensory neurons
Carry messages from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors inward to the spinal cord and brain for processing
72
Motor neurons
Carry instructions from the central nervous system out to the body’s muscles
73
Interneurons (in the brain and spinal cord)
Communicate with one another and process information between the sensory input and the motor output
74
Somatic nervous system
Peripheral nervous system division controlling the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.
75
Autonomic nervous system
Peripheral nervous system division controlling the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart).
76
Sympathetic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system subdivision that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
77
Parasympathetic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system subdivision that calms the body, conserving its energy.
78
The adult brain has ____ neurons
86 billion
79
The brain is how much of the body's weight?
2% of the body's weight
80
How much of the body's energy does the brain use?
20% of the body's energy
81
Neural networks and pathways govern reflexes through an
Electrochemical information system
82
Endocrine system
A set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
83
Hormones
Chemicals that travel through the body and affect other tissues, including the brain.
84
Pituitary glands
The master gland that influences hormone release by other glands, including the adrenal glands.
85
Adrenal glands
Glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. They are found above the kidneys.
86
EEG (Electroencephalogram)
Electrodes placed on the scalp measure electrical activity in neurons.
87
Symptoms of depression and anxiety correlate with increased activity in the right frontal lobe, a brain area associated with behavioral withdrawal and negative emotion (Thibodeau et al., 2006).
EEG (Electroencephalogram)
88
MEG (Magnetoencephalography)
A head coil records magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electrical currents.
89
Soldiers with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), compared with soldiers who do not have PTSD, show stronger magnetic fields in the visual cortex when they view trauma-related images (Todd et al., 2015).
MEG (Magnetoencephalography)
90
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Tracks where in the brain a temporarily radioactive form of glucose goes while the person given it performs a task.
91
Monkeys with an anxious temperament have brains that use more glucose in regions related to fear, memory, and expectations of reward and punishment (Fox et al., 2015).
Positron emission tomography (PET)
92
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
People sit or lie down in a chamber that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide a map of brain structure.
93
People with a history of violence tend to have smaller frontal lobes, especially in regions that aid moral judgment and self-control (Glenn & Raine, 2014).
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
94
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Measures blood flow to brain regions by comparing continuous MRI scans.
95
Years after surviving a near plane crash, passengers who viewed material related to their trauma showed greater activation in the brain’s fear, memory, and visual centers than when they watched footage related to the 9/11 terrorist attacks (Palombo et al., 2015).
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
96
Medulla
Located at the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
97
Pons
Sits above the medulla and helps coordinate movement
98
Thalamus
The area at the top of the brainstem; Directs sensory messages to the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla; Influences multitasking`
99
Reticular formation
A nerve network running through the brainstem and thalamus; Plays an important role in controlling arousal
100
Cerebellum
Aids in judgment of time, sound and texture discrimination, and emotional control; Coordinates voluntary movement and life-sustaining functions; Helps process and store information outside of awareness
101
The Limbic System
Sits between the brain’s older parts and its cerebral hemispheres; Neural centers include the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus; Is linked to emotions, memory, and drives; Controls the nearby pituitary gland
102
Amygdala
Two lima bean–sized neural clusters in the limbic system; Linked to emotion
103
Hypothalamus
Neural structure lying below the thalamus; Directs several maintenance activities Helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland and is linked to emotion and reward
104
Hippocampus
Processes conscious, explicit memories; Decreases in size and function with age
105
Fritsch and Hitzig:
Discovered the motor cortex at the rear of the frontal lobes
106
Foerster and Penfield:
Mapped the motor cortex; discovered that body areas requiring precise control (e.g., fingers, mouth) occupied the largest part of the cortical space

Hum 201 (3 decks)

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