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Hum 201 > Psy 201 > Flashcards

Psy 201 Flashcards

1
Q

Psycology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Scientific Method (def)

A

A set of rules for gathering and analyzing information to test an idea or hypothesis

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3
Q

Theory

A

An explanation of why and how a behavior occurs

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4
Q

Pseudo-psychology

A

Information/conclusions not systemically tested using the scientific method

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5
Q

Goals of Psychology

A

Describe, predict, explain, and control/change behavior

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6
Q

Scientific Method (steps)

A

1) Describe and define the issue
2) Form a testable hypothesis about the relationship between two variables
3) Choose an appropriate research strat
4) Conduct the study (just do it)
5) Analyze the data

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7
Q

Meta-analysis

A

The results of multiple studies researching the same question

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8
Q

Predictive hypothesis

A

An educated guess about the relationships or associations among variables (Ex: jittery movement, foggy head, and mood swings can all be symptoms of anxiety)

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9
Q

Casual hypothesis

A

An educated guess about how one variable affects another variable (Ex: academic pressure can have an affect on anxiety levels)

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10
Q

Sample

A

A portion of the population of interest (Ex: a singer at a concert choosing someone to come on stage)

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11
Q

Population of interest

A

A population/group from which a researcher attempts to draw conclusions

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12
Q

Direct observation

A

When you watch interactions, processes, or behaviors as they occur

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13
Q

Rating scale test

A

A closed-end survey question that is used to evaluate how survey responders feel about a particular product or statement.

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14
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

a psychological personality test that focuses on the subconscious dynamics of a person’s personality; People explain what they think is happening in ambiguous scenes

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15
Q

Personality inventory

A

a self-assessment method, often a standardized questionnaire, that reveals insights into an individual’s character; Personality test

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16
Q

Case study

A

An in depth of one or a few participants or settings

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17
Q

Correlational studies

A

The study of the strength of a relationship between two or more variables; range from -1 to 1

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18
Q

Experiments

A

Test casual hypothesises

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19
Q

quasi-experiment

A

Not a true experiment, because it is not truly randomized

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20
Q

Double blind studies

A

Neither participants nor experimenters know who is receiving placebos and who is receiving the real medication

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21
Q

Confounding variables

A

Factors other than the independent variable that affect the dependent variable

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22
Q

Informed consent

A

The researchers tell the participants the aspects of the study before they agree

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23
Q

Structuralism

A

The structure of our thoughts or basic aspects of our mental experiences

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24
Q

Introspection

A

Self-observation technique to identify the structure of thought focusing on one’s thoughts, feelings and sensations

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25
Q

Biological perspective

A

focuses on physical reasons for behavior

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26
Q

Evolutionary perspective

A

Focuses on how evolution and natural selection influence behavior

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27
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

Focuses on internal unconcious mental processes, motives, and desires that may explain behavior

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28
Q

Behavioral perspective

A

Focuses on external causes of behavior

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29
Q

Sociocultural perspective

A

Focuses on societal and cultural factors that may influence behavior

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30
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

Focuses on how people’s view of themselves and the world influence behavior

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31
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

Focuses on how mental processes (memory, expectation, belief, problem solving, etc.) influence behavior

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32
Q

Eclectic approach

A

Integrates and combines several perspectives to explain behavior

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33
Q

Margaret Washburn

A

First woman to receive a doctorate in psychology; 1894

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34
Q

Francis Sumner

A

First black American to receive a doctorate in psychology, 1920; The father of black psychology, helped the wrong hu build up department of psyc

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35
Q

Inez Prosser

A

First black woman to receive a doctorate in psychology, 1933;

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36
Q

How many PhDs in psychology belong to women?

A

75%, three quarters of them all

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37
Q

How many PhDs in psychology belong to minorities

A

20% of all of them

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38
Q

Plato says the mind is located:

A

In the head (spherical)

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39
Q

Aristotle says the mind is located:

A

In the heart

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40
Q

Phrenology

A

The pseudoscience of measuring bumps on the head to predict mental traits, started by Franz Gall

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41
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

The brain’s ability to change based on experience/damage done

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42
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

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43
Q

Dendrites

A

Neuron extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward the cell body

44
Q

Axons

A

Other neurons or cells

45
Q

Glial cells (glia)

A

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory

46
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between the axon tip of a sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of a receiving neuron

47
Q

Refractory period

A

Period of inactivity after a neuron has fired

48
Q

Threshold

A

Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

49
Q

All-or-none response

A

A neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing

50
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Neuron-produced chemicals that cross synapses to carry messages to other neurons or cells; when released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse

51
Q

Reuptake

A

Neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

52
Q

Multiple sclerosis involves

A

The degeneration of the myelin sheath

53
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Affects muscle action, learning, and memory.

54
Q

With Alzheimer’s disease, ____ producing neurons deteriorate.

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

55
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural opiates released in response to pain and exercise.

56
Q

Oversupply with opiate drugs
can suppress the body’s natural
_______ supply.

A

Endorphins

57
Q

Dopamine

A

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

58
Q

Oversupply of ____ is linked to schizophrenia.
Undersupply of _____ is linked to tremors and
decreased mobility in Parkinson’s
disease.

A

Dopamine

59
Q

Serotonin

A

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

60
Q

Undersupply of ____ linked to depression.
Some drugs that raise ______
levels are used to treat depression

A

Serotonin

61
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Helps control alertness and arousal

62
Q

Undersupply of _____ can depress mood.

A

Norepinephrine

63
Q
A
63
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric
acid)

A

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter

64
Q

Undersupply of _____ linked to seizures,
tremors, and insomnia.

A

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric
acid)

65
Q

Glutamate

A

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

66
Q

Oversupply of _____ can overstimulate the
brain, producing migraines or
seizures.

A

Glutamate

67
Q

Agonist

A

Molecule that increases a neurotransmitter’s action

68
Q

Antagonist

A

Molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter’s action

69
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The brain and the spinal cord; the body’s decision makers.

70
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body for gathering and transmitting information; Somatic and automatic nervous system

71
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Carry messages from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors inward to the spinal cord and brain for processing

72
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carry instructions from the central nervous system out to the body’s muscles

73
Q

Interneurons (in the brain and spinal cord)

A

Communicate with one another and process information between the sensory input and the motor output

74
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Peripheral nervous system division controlling the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.

75
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Peripheral nervous system division controlling the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart).

76
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Autonomic nervous system subdivision that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

77
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Autonomic nervous system subdivision that calms the body, conserving its energy.

78
Q

The adult brain has ____ neurons

A

86 billion

79
Q

The brain is how much of the body’s weight?

A

2% of the body’s weight

80
Q

How much of the body’s energy does the brain use?

A

20% of the body’s energy

81
Q

Neural networks and pathways govern reflexes through an

A

Electrochemical information system

82
Q

Endocrine system

A

A set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

83
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals that travel through the body and affect other tissues, including the brain.

84
Q

Pituitary glands

A

The master gland that influences hormone release by other glands, including the adrenal glands.

85
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. They are found above the kidneys.

86
Q

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

A

Electrodes placed on the scalp measure
electrical activity in neurons.

87
Q

Symptoms of depression and anxiety correlate with increased activity in the right frontal lobe, a brain area associated with behavioral withdrawal and negative emotion (Thibodeau et al., 2006).

A

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

88
Q

MEG (Magnetoencephalography)

A

A head coil records magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electrical currents.

89
Q

Soldiers with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), compared with soldiers who do not have PTSD, show stronger magnetic fields in the visual cortex when they view trauma-related images (Todd et al., 2015).

A

MEG (Magnetoencephalography)

90
Q

Positron emission tomography
(PET)

A

Tracks where in the brain a temporarily
radioactive form of glucose goes while the person given it performs a task.

91
Q

Monkeys with an anxious temperament have brains that use more glucose in regions related to fear, memory, and expectations of reward
and punishment (Fox et al., 2015).

A

Positron emission tomography
(PET)

92
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI)

A

People sit or lie down in a chamber that
uses magnetic fields and radio waves to
provide a map of brain structure.

93
Q

People with a history of violence tend to have smaller frontal lobes, especially in regions that aid moral judgment and self-control
(Glenn & Raine, 2014).

A

Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI)

94
Q

Functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI)

A

Measures blood flow to brain regions by
comparing continuous MRI scans.

95
Q

Years after surviving a near plane crash, passengers who viewed material related to their trauma showed greater activation in the brain’s fear, memory, and visual centers than when they watched footage related to the 9/11 terrorist attacks (Palombo et al., 2015).

A

Functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI)

96
Q

Medulla

A

Located at the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

97
Q

Pons

A

Sits above the medulla and helps coordinate movement

98
Q

Thalamus

A

The area at the top of the brainstem; Directs sensory messages to the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla; Influences multitasking`

99
Q

Reticular formation

A

A nerve network running through the brainstem and thalamus; Plays an important role in controlling arousal

100
Q

Cerebellum

A

Aids in judgment of time, sound and texture discrimination, and emotional control; Coordinates voluntary movement and life-sustaining functions; Helps process and store information outside of awareness

101
Q

The Limbic System

A

Sits between the brain’s older parts and its cerebral hemispheres; Neural centers include the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus;

Is linked to emotions, memory, and drives; Controls the nearby pituitary gland

102
Q

Amygdala

A

Two lima bean–sized neural clusters in the limbic system; Linked to emotion

103
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Neural structure lying below the thalamus; Directs several maintenance activities Helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland and is linked to emotion and reward

104
Q

Hippocampus

A

Processes conscious, explicit memories; Decreases in size and function with age

105
Q

Fritsch and Hitzig:

A

Discovered the motor cortex at the rear of the frontal lobes

106
Q

Foerster and Penfield:

A

Mapped the motor cortex; discovered that body areas requiring precise control (e.g., fingers, mouth) occupied the largest part of the cortical space

Hum 201 (3 decks)

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