Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSY 1101 - Intro to Psychology: Foundations > PSY 1101 - Chapter 07: Learning (Pt. 02) > Flashcards

PSY 1101 - Chapter 07: Learning (Pt. 02) Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in Classical Conditioning?

A

One event signals the arrival of another event
- Behaviour is elicited by a stimulus
- not initiated but triggered by a stimulus (elicited)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Respondent Behaviour?

A

Behaviour that is classically conditioned
- Stimulus and response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

Associate behaviour with its consequences
- also referred to instrumental conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Operant Behaviour?

A

we are initiating the behaviour and operating on the environment to produce consequences
- Behaviour is the operant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the Law of Effects?

A

Behaviour is controlled by its consequences

  • If a behaviour produces a desirable consequence, we are more likely to repeat it in the future
  • If a behaviour produces an aversive, unpleasant consequence, we are less likely to repeat it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who is Thorndike?

A

The one who stipulated the law of effect and started this research
- coined the term “instrumental conditioning”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who is Skinner?

A

Linked and associated with operant conditioning
- began studying human behaviour because writing was not working

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are our ABCs?

A

A: Antecedent (Dad’s mood)
B: Behaviour (telling a joke)
C: Consequence (hugs and kisses or get yelled at)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do we learn our ABCs?

A

Learn via operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a Reinforcer?

A

The reinforcer is the consequence of a behaviour that makes the behaviour more likely to repeat
- when there is a reinforcer, the behaviour is more likely to repeat in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the Two major types of Reinforcers?

A

Both positive and negative reinforcers will increase the probability that the behaviour will repeat in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Positive Reinforcer?

A

We engage in a behaviour and it produces a consequence that is desirable and pleasant
- We are more likely to repeat the behaviour in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Negative Reinforcer?

A

It produces a consequence such that it will remove or prevent something that is noxious and unpleasant from taking place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the Two types of Negative Reinforcers?

A
  1. Escape
  2. Avoidance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Escape?

A

I have a headache and it is unpelasant and noxious
- I take an aspirin and my headache goes away
- I am more likely to take an aspirin in the future
- Exposed to the noxious stimulus (present)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Avoidance?

A

I do not have a headache yet
- To prevent one from coming, I take an aspirin
- Noxious stimulus is not there
- we are preventing one from happening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are Primary Reinforcers?

A

Reinforcers that are naturally rewarding
- associated with basic needs

ex. drinking water when we are thirsty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcers?

A

Reinforcers that are not naturally rewarding
- we learn its value through experience

ex. money is conditioned reinforcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are Immediate Reinforcers?

A

The consequence of the behaviour is immediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are Delayed Reinforcers?

A

The consequence of the behaviour is delayed
- happens later on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are Scheduling Consequences?

A

How often should we reinforce a behaviour for it to occur or for us to maintain it?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two Scheduling Consequences?

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Intermittent (partial)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are Continuous Reinforcement?

A

Every single time the behaviour occurs, it is reinforced
- if we want to teach a new behaviour, continuous reinforcement is the way to go
- behaviour will extinguish more quickly

ex. every time your child makes their bed, they receive a behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Intermittent (Partial) Reinforcement?

A
  • once the behaviour has been learned; if we want to maintain it for a long period of time, we must switch to intermittent / partial reinforcement
  • more resistant to extinction
  • partial extinction effect
25
What are the Two Categories for Intermittent?
1. Ratio 2. Interval
26
What is a Ratio?
The number of responses / behaviours that will determine when the behaviour will be reinforced
27
What is an Interval?
Passage of time that will determine when the behaviour will be reinforced
28
What are the Two types of Behaviours?
1. Fixed Ratio 2. Variable Ratio
29
What is a Fixed Ratio?
A very specific amount of responses must occur before the bejaviour is reinforced - We work fast and steady until we are reinforced and we take a pause (break)
30
What is Variable Ratio?
Number of responses needed to reinforce the behaviour will vary
31
What are two types of Intervals?
1. Fixed Interval 2. Variable Interval
32
What is Fixed Interval?
A very specific amount of time must go by before reinforcement takes place - Produces the least amount of responses ex. 10 minutes must go by before the rat gets its treat for pressing the lever
33
What is Variable Interval?
Amount of time that must go by varies and differs before the behaviour is reinforced - This produces the THIRD LOWEST rate of responses - This scheduled consequence works steady and slowly
34
What is Punishment?
We do a behaviour and it produces a consequence such that we will most likely not repeat the behaviour in the future
35
What are the Two types of Punishment?
BOTH of them are likely to decrease the probability that the behaviour will occur again 1. Positive 2. Negative
36
What is Positive Punishment?
We do a behaviour and the consequence is such that we will receive or be exposed to something unpleasant
37
What is Negative Punishment?
We do a behaviour and as a result, something we like, want, or is desirable is taken away / removed from us
38
What is Shaping Behaviours?
Reinforcing successively closer approximation of a behaviour until the correct behaviour is displayed - Once a particular step has been learned really well, we're going to stop reinforcing it - we're going to focus on reinforcing the next step of the sequence
39
What is Operant Extinction?
When we don't want a behaviour to repeat, or reduce it significantly, we use operant extinction - Identify the source of reinforcer - once identified, we must stop the reinforcing - once behaviour stops, we must never reinforce it again - We must also take the time to reinforce the positive behaviour
40
What is Extinction Burst?
During the extinction procedure, the situation gets worse before it gets better - Behaviour increases in intensity - behaviour will eventually die out - aggression may take place
41
Who is Tolman?
Tolman is considered to be the father of cognitive psychology. - began criticizing some of Skinner's ideas - started the ball rolling for cognitive psychology to be brought up again
42
How was the study of Behaviourism different?
When behaviour is dominated in psychology, there was little to no research on cognitive processes, mind, consciousness, etc. - today, this type of research is flourished in psychology
43
What did Tolman disagree on in regards to Skinner?
Skinner said, for learning to take place, there must be trial and error Tolman challenged this and said sometimes learning can take place without any reinforcement
44
What is Latent Learning?
We acquire knowledge without any reinforcement - This knowledge remains hidden and unseen until we have a reason and motivation to display it
45
What is Cognitive Map?
It is a mental map that you have in your mind According to Skinner: when rats learn to run a maze, they learn via trial and error, and learn a sequence Tolman: rats are not just learning a sequence. The rat is actively learning the layout of the maze. - That is a clear illustration that cognitive processes must be taken into consideration
46
What is Learned Helplessness?
Both humans and animals can go into learned helplessness if they are repeatedly exposed to a stimulus that is aversive and uncontrollable
47
What happens when Learned Helplessness takes place?
We sit there and take it because there is absolutely nothing you can do about it - can be treated - can be specific to a certain situation but can also be generalized to others
48
Who is Bandura?
Linked and associated with social learning - We observe the social world around us and see what behaviours the social world rewards and punishes - Based on this observation, we adjust our behaviours
49
What is Bandura's work known as?
Learning by observation: - Vicarious learning - social learning
50
What is Vicarious / Social Learning?
We observe role models and imitate their behaviour and relate to it, etc.
51
What are we Biologically Predisposed to?
Biologicalled prepared to learn via observations
52
What are two evidence of Biological Predisposed learning via observations?
- Infants - Mirror neurons
53
What are Mirror Neurons?
Highly specialized neurons founds in different parts of the brain and they're linked to empathy, learning, and the activate when we're performing a behaviour - activate when we watch someone else form a behaviour
54
What is Bandura's Model?
Cognitive Processes: essential for learning - cognition heavy - in order to imitate the behaviour, 4 things must be present
55
What are the Four things to imitate a Behaviour?
1. Attention 2. Memory 3. Action / Motor Skills 4. Motivation
56
What is Attention?
We must pay attention to the behaviour of interest
57
What is Memory?
We must commit to memory what we have observed - must have a mental representation of it in our memory
58
What is Action / Motor Skills?
In order for us to take action, we must have the motor skill to have the ability to engage in that behaviour - we are not performing or producing the behaviour but identifying whether we CAN perform it
59
What is Motivation?
If we are motivated, we are more likely to perform the behaviour: - we are more likely to do the behaviour if we like and value the role model and are reinforced to perform the behaviour - If we do the bejaviour ourselves and are reinforced for it, then we are more likely to repeat it in the future

PSY 1101 - Intro to Psychology: Foundations (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions