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PSY 1101 - Intro to Psychology: Foundations > PSY 1101 - Chapter 05: Sensation & Perception (Pt. 3) > Flashcards

PSY 1101 - Chapter 05: Sensation & Perception (Pt. 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Cutaneous Senses?

A

Through our skin, we sense more than just touch

ex. wetness of our skin, a cut

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2
Q

What are Receptors?

A

We have a variety of receptors in our skin to detect the different types of senses mentioned

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3
Q

What are the Mechanoreceptors of the Top Layer of the Skin?

A
  1. Merkel Receptor: fires during pressure (touch)
  2. Meissner Receptor: fires when pressure is absent
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4
Q

What are Mechanoreceptors of the Deeper Layers of the Skin?

A
  1. Ruffini cylinder: Stretching of the skin
  2. Pacinian corpuscle: Vibration, Texture
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5
Q

What are Nociceptors?

A

They are the sensory receptors that detect, transduce, and transmit information about pain.

  • They are found all over our bodies
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6
Q

Why is Pain essential for Survival?

A

The ability to feel pain is absolutely essential for survival

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7
Q

What is the Complexity of Pain?

A

The experience of pain is very complex
- How much pain does depend only on tissue damage
- There are a variety of factors that make us feel pain.

Examples: are stress, motivation, and culture could influence our experience of pain

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8
Q

What is the Gate Control Theory?

A

In the nervous system, we have a neurological state

  • S Fibers
  • L Fibers
  • T Cells
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9
Q

What is the Neurological Gate?

A

The state of the gate will be linked and associated whether we experience pain or not, and how much of it.

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10
Q

What are Small Nerve Fibers (S-Fibers)?

A

They mostly carry pain information
- this means when they are activated, the neurological gate is opened, and we are likely to feel pain

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11
Q

What are Large Nerve Fibers (L-Fibers)?

A

They mostly carry information NOT related to pain, such as
temperature, weight, touch, etc.

  • Because of this, the gate is closed, and we are likely to feel little to 0 pain.
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12
Q

What are T-Cells?

A

They are the middle men between the fibers and the gate
- Must be activated for the gate to open

  1. Small nerve fibers activate, which activate t-cells
  2. when they open the gate, and we are likely to feel pain
  3. When large nerve fibers are activated, t-cells are inhibited, the gate doesn’t open, and we are likely to feel little to no pain as a result.
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13
Q

How does Stimulation affect Pain?

A

Stimulating certain areas of the brain could close the gate, and we end up feeling little to no pain

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14
Q

How can Beliefs affect Pain?

A

Beliefs can influence and affect our sense of pain

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15
Q

How can Stress affect Pain?

A

When we are stressed, we may feel less or more pain
- IT can increase or decrease pain
- it depends on the situation

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16
Q

What are other Factors influencing level of Pain?

A
  1. Emotions
  2. Self-Confidence
  3. Culture
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17
Q

How can Emotions affect Pain?

A

when we are happy, we tend to feel less pain for the same injury while we are feeling sad, etc.

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18
Q

How can Self-Confidence affect Pain?

A

On the days we are confident, we tend to feel less pain for the same injury while we aren’t as confident

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19
Q

How can Culture affect Pain?

A

same amount of tissue damage is linked and associated with different levels of pain depending on the culture you come from

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20
Q

What are the Features of Smell?

A
  1. Chemical Sense
  2. Olfactory Receptors
  3. Olfactory Epithelium
  4. Glomeruli
  5. Temporal Lobes, Limbic System
21
Q

What are Chemical Senses?

A

The stimulation comes from odor molecules, released by humans, animals, objects, etc.

22
Q

What are Olfactory Receptors?

A

in order for us to smell something, the scent must reach our nasal cavities and they must reach our olfactory receptors

  • They the sensory receptors for our sense of smell
  • We have millions of Olfactory Receptors
  • over 300 types
23
Q

What are Olfactory Epithelium?

A

the olfactory receptors are embedded in the olfactory epithelium…

  • it’s a membrane filled with mucous
  • Sends information to Glomeruli
24
Q

What is the Glomeruli?

A

They are located in the olfactory bulb
- GL will send information to different parts of the brain, including the limbic system

25
Q

How many Odours are there?

A

~10 000 in the past
- over 1trillion odours as of now

26
Q

How do we detect trillions of odors with only >300 types?

A

Researchers believe that different odor molecules will activate different combinations of those different types of receptors

27
Q

What is the Regeneration ability of Olfactory Receptors?

A
  • Olfactory receptors are sensitive
  • olfactory receptors regenerate every few weeks, BUT
    it does not mean we receive the same number
  • we can lose some by pollution, aging, and smoking
28
Q

What is Aging of Olfactory Receptors?

A

65 y/o: 25% of us will suffer with our sense of smell
80 y/o: 75% of us will have problems

Because of this many elderly people die in fires, because they cannot smell the smoke

29
Q

How do Memories and Emotions affect Smell?

A

there is a strong connection between our senses and emotions and memories

  • information about smell is sent to the limbic system (limbic system has systems linked to emotions and memories)
30
Q

What is Taste / Gustation?

A

Sense of taste or gustation was essential for the survival of our ancestors
- had to determine whether the food was poisonous or safe

31
Q

Where do Chemical Senses come from?

A

comes from food molecules

32
Q

How do you Taste?

A

In order for us to taste, the food molecules have to dissolve in our saliva
- they must come into contact with our gustatory cells

33
Q

What are Gustatory Cells?

A

they are the ones that detect, transduce and transmit the signal
- they are the sensory receptors
- Gustatory cells are found in our taste buds

34
Q

What are Papillae

A

These are bumps on your tongues and they are found in taste buds

35
Q

What are the Four Basic Tastes?

A

For the longest time, researches have thought we have 4 basic senses:
- sweet, sour, salty and bitter

36
Q

What is Unami?

A

Japanese researchers found a 5th sense called umami
- It is linked with the taste of savory foods and foods high in protein

Ex. cheeses, meat, fish, mushrooms, tomatoes, etc.

37
Q

What is a possible Sixth Taste?

A

Recent researchers suggest that we MAY have a 6th sense, which is fat

38
Q

What is the Regeneration Capabilities of Gustatory Cells?

A

hot beverages and alcohol and smoking can damage our gustatory cells (by the time we’re 20… we will have lost half)
- they do regenerate but you don’t get them all back again

39
Q

What is Sensory Interaction?

A

Our senses can influence and affect each other
- an interaction between taste and smell when we can smell the food that enhances the flavour of it

40
Q

How can Posture affect Taste?

A

Posture can influence and affect the sense of taste
- posture is linked and associated with the sense of taste/gustation

41
Q

What are bimodal neuron and where are they located?

A
42
Q

What is Kinesthesis (K Sense)?

A

without this sense we wont know where our body parts are
- allows us to know the location of our body
- allows us to know where our arms hands feet are doing
- what position are they in
- are they moving how fast
- are they moving
- are the muscles contracting

43
Q

What are the Sensory Receptors for our K Sense called?

A

The sensory receptors for our k cells are called proprioceptors found all over the body in muscles tendons

  • this sense allows us to direct our bodies
44
Q

What is Vestibular Sense?

A

Our vestibular sense is also known as our sense of xxx
- They are located in your inner ear

45
Q

What are the Two Organs linked and associated with our sense of balance?

A
46
Q

What does xxx do?

A
47
Q

What does xxxx do?

A
48
Q

How do we know that our vestibular sense is integrated with our sense of vision?

A
49
Q

The sensory receptors for our vestibular sense are …………?

A

PSY 1101 - Intro to Psychology: Foundations (14 decks)

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