PSY 1101 - Chapter 05: Sensation & Perception (Pt. 2) Flashcards
What is the Order of Visual Information Processing?
- Retina
- Thalamus
- Visual Cortex (Occipital Lobes)
- Parietal & Temporal lobes, Limbic System
What is the First order of Visual Information Processing?
the process of visual processing begins with the retina
- at the level of the bipolar cells
What are Bipolar Cells?
Cells found between Photoreceptors and Ganglion Cells
- Transmits signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells
- direct or indirect
What is the Second Order of Visual Information Processing?
Thalamus (Lateral geniculate nucleus, LGN)
- The information reaches the thalamus via the bipolar cells
What is the Third Order of Visual Information Processing?
Visual cortex (Occipital lobes)
- information ends up in the visual cortex via thalamus
- In the visual cortex we have feature detectors
What are Feature Detectors?
Highly specialized cells that are maximally responsive to certain stimuli
- Vertical lines
- Horizontal lines
At some point this visual information is going to end up at the parietal lobes, the temporal lobes and the limbic system
what is the difference between a simple cell and a complex cell?
What are the Parietal Lobes Responsible for in Vision?
Dorsal Stream (Detection)
- Tells us where the object is located (how far away, what direction is it moving in)
What are the Temporal Lobes Responsible for in Vision?
Ventral Stream
- Tells us what we are looking at (Identifying)
What is the Limbic System?
linked and associated with emotion
- When the information reaches the limbic system then we are going to experience an emotional experience
What is Young-Helmholtz Theory?
aka Trichromatic Theory
- at the time people already knew we had three primary LIGHT colors
- by combining them in different ways, we can create all the light colors that the human eye can detect
What are each Primary Colour represented by?
we must have 3 different forms of cones in our retina to detect each primary colour
- Red
- Green
- Blue
What is the Brain constantly Monitoring?
The brain is constantly monitoring the activity of these three types of cones to see:
- which types are activated
- in what combination
- to what degree
based on this information, the brain will determine which color we will perceive
How is Colour perceived?
Light is absorbed, then reflected back to perceive the colour we see
What is the Opponent-Process Theory?
What did Hering Consider?
Considered the Trichromatic Theory a value
- felt that the theory had its limitations
- there are certain phenomenon that cannot be explained such as complementary afterimages
What are Complementary Afterimages?
When we continue to perceive an object or someone even though:
- we are not looking at them anymore
- stimulation is not reaching our eye anymore
What is the Opponent-Process Theory?
according to opponent process theory we have 4 primary light colors red, blue, green and yellow
What is the 3 Antagonistic Colour System?
RG, BY, BW
R + B = purple
Red + Y = orange
RG: Red-Green system:
- These neurons will be maximally responsive to red light and green light
- will respond differently to red and green light
- neurons are going to be excited by the red light and inhibited by green light
- If green neurons are inhibited, the brain will know we are perceiving green light?
What is Gestalt Psychology?
Brain organizes the information into a gestalt
The perceiving brain does not process information passively.
the perceiving brain is going to use its knowledge, past experiences in order to meaningfully interpret sensory information
What is a Gestalt?
it’s a form, a meaningful form
- The whole may exceed the sum of its parts
ex: a full face
What is the Stimuli for Hearing?
sound waves
- words are not real, its the sound waves that are created a psychological experience
What are the Three Characteristics to Sound Waves?
- Frequency
- Amplitude
- Complexity
What is Frequency?
the distance between the peaks or how many times the wave peaks per second
- Hertz
- Pitch
