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First semester > PSL-Reproduction > Flashcards

PSL-Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two commonalities between the two sexes

A

formation of gametes and hypothalamic/pituitary control of production

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2
Q

what is involved in gametogenesis

A

the process of mitosis and meiosis:
mitosis- normal cell divison as DNA is duplicated once and there is one division
meiosis- DNA is replicated once bit cell undergos division twice
the gametes with 23 chromosomes are produced from cells in gonads with 46 chromosomes

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3
Q

What are the reproductive hormones released by hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamus secrte GnRH= gonadotropin releasing hormone
anterior pituitary secrete LH and FSH
LH= luteinizing hormone
FSH= follicle stimulating hormone

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4
Q

What is unique characteristrics about the GnRH secretions from hypothalamus

A

GnRH is secreted in pulkses from a neuroendocrine cell in hypothalamus and this pulsality release is important for reproductive function and this pulse frequency/amplitude changes during developement

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5
Q

what are some common XY male reproductive system organs

A

consist of the testis which is part of internal genitalia along some other accessory glands anf ducts, there is also some external genitalia which is the penis and scrotum
urethra is also important as it serve common passageway for sperm and urine

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6
Q

How are sperm produced

A

they are produced in testis in the seminiferous tubule and requires optimal temp to be 2-3 degree celsius lower than body temp and the sperm further matures in epididymis

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7
Q

what are the two types of cells in testis

A

sertoli cells also known as sustentacular cells which support sperm development
leydig cells also known as interstitial cells which are for testosterone secretions
sertoli cells secrete different products to help with sperm developement like androgen binding protein that bind testosterone and make it less lipophilic

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8
Q

what are the tight junctions in testis for

A

they are responsible for blood testis barrier which is made by sertoli cells to protect teh developing sperm from immune system

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9
Q

how does spermatogenesis happen

A

spermatogoiun= male germ cell
one of the two spermatogonium in fetal body that undergo mitosis and differentiate and one of them will turn into primary spermatocytes which then undergo meiosis first division giving 2 secondary spermatocytes and these undergo secondary meiotic divison giving 4 spermatids with each being a haploid and then this spermatids mature into spermatozoa by losing a cytoplasm and gaining a tail

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10
Q

what is the structure of spermatozoa

A

contain an acrosome which is derived from golgi apparatus by flattening out to form a cap over tip of nucleus and contain enzyme needed for fertilization
the enzymes are hyaluronidase and acrosin which break down zona pellucida which is a glycoprotein coat that covers oocyte
have mitochondrial spiral to produce energy for sperm movement concentrate in midpiece of sperm body

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10
Q

What is a semen

A

consist of spermatozoa around 1% and secretions of accessory glands and some of the important organs are seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland, has water lubricant which is mucous, has a buffer to neutralize acid, and nutrients like fructose/citric acid/Vit C/carnitine, zinc, enzymes, and postaglandins

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11
Q

Since GnRH release is pulsatile and it is the one that stimulate release of LH and FSH, so is the release of LH and FSH also pulsatile

A

LH is proportional to GnRH so it is also pulsatile but FSH levels are also affected by inhibin and activin

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12
Q

What is the role of FSH and LH regulated by GnRH in males

A

FSH stimulate sertoli cells which support sperm developemen, secret inhibin which is hormone that inhibits FSH release, and secrete androgen binding protein which help to concentrate androgens in testis by binding testosterone
LH stimulate leydig cell which secrete testosterone in response to LH and that testosterone have further effect on sertoli cell and other secondary effects

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13
Q

How are levels of FSH and LH changing during lifetime

A

in embryo, after sex determination, the LH and FSH levels are increasing to aid development of penis growth and testis descent and there is little amount during teh first 6 months after birth, but after that during childhood, there is no LH and FSH activity until puberty when they start increasing again

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14
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary hypogonadism

A

primary is due to damage to the testis causing low testosterone even if there is high GnRH and LH and FSH while secondary is due to damage in hypothalamus or anterior pituitary so teh higher up processes which cause decrease in LH and FSH so there is low testosterone

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15
Q

What are affects of hypogonadism in males

A

decreased functional activity of testis and decreased production of angrogens, inhibin B, AMH, and/or impaird sperm production

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16
Q

What is teh function of testosterone and related steroids on sex specific tissues, other reproductive effects, secondary sex characteristics, and nonreproductive effects

A

sex specific tissues- promotes spermatogenesis, maintain and stimulate secretion from prostate and seminal vesicles and maintain reproductive tract
other reproductive effect- increase sex drive and nehative feedback effect on GnRH, LH, and FSH secretions
secondary sex characteristics- male pattern of hair growth including baldness, promotes muscle growth, increase sebaceous gland secretion
nonreprioductive effects- promote protein synthesis, increase aggression, and stimulate erythropoiesis

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17
Q

How does inhibitores of 5 alpha reductase is used to treat benign cancer and prostate enlargement and baldness

A

Finasteride is an inhibitor that is approved because it inhibit converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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18
Q

what are the unique fmale reproductive system characteristics

A

female reproduction is cyclic rather than steady rate process and has special structure called fimbriae which is flared open end of fallopian tube dividing into finger like projections to ensure that egg released from surface of ovary will be swept into tube rather than float into abdomen
there is also the ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, and the labium minora and labium majora

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19
Q

how does oocyte production, oogenesis, occur

A

oogonium which is the female germ cell will undergo mitosis and start meiosis but stop after duplication in the embryo, the oogonium become oogonia after mitosis and oogonia become primary oocyte after meiosis where in one primary oocyte there is 4n so the female gets born with set amount of primary oocytes that will only decline until there is around 300000 primary oocyte by puberty and after puberty, one primary oocyte complete meiosis I division and and become a secondary oocyte with 2n that enter meiosis II and completes meiosis II only if it gets fertilized and make a zygote, if no fertilization, then secondary oocyte will get released at ovulation

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20
Q

Differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis

A

in oogenesis, there is asymmetric cell division where only one secondary oocyte produced from each each oogonium, limited duration since no oocyte production after menopause and there is limited number of primary oocyte

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21
Q

what is oocyte maturation

A

since girls are born with with all oocytes, they will mature with time and maturation cycle recruits around 5-10 follicles in each ovary and only one will fully mature and around 250 follicles are recruited per year so there is total of 10000 during reproductive years and remaining oocytes undergo asteria which is hormne regulated cell death

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22
Q

what phases of the two cycles of menstrual cycle overlap

A

follicular phase of ovarian cycle overlap with menstrual phase and proliferative phases with uterine cycle while the luteal phase of ovarian cycle overlap with secretory phase of uterine cycle

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23
Q

what are the two types of cells in follicle

A

granulosa cells- support oocyte developement
theca cell- secrete steroid hormone precursores

24
Q

structurally, where does ovarian and uterine cycles occur

A

ovarian cycle inside ovaries and uterine cycle inside utereus

25
Q

What is LH surge

A

follicular cells releasing collagenase enzyme which is connective tissue digested and progesterone for smooth muscle contraction so the oocyte surrounding cummulus cells expelled into abdomen are taken by fingers of fimbria

26
Q

What are the three phases of uterine cycle and what happens in each of them

A

menses- blood vessels supplying endometrium undergo constriction causes shedding of endometrial lining because of declining levels of progesterone and estrogen
proliferative phase- endometrium develops in response to estrogen, teh endometrial lining thickens as blood supply to tissue is reestablished and cell proliferate
secretory phase- glands in endometrium secretes move viscous fluid and endometrial cells deposit lipid and glycogen in cytoplasm under influence of progesterone and estrogen

26
Q

What are the details of follicular phase of ovarian cycle

A

collicular phase occur during the first half of the month of monthly period (Day 1-14), the cells surrounding oocyte will proliferate but oocyte wont, the antrum contain antral fluid which has estrogen and enzymes and one dominant follicle will be selected from one ovary so remaining follicle dies from atresia
small number of premordial follicle develop and become a primary follicle with theca and granulosa cells so teh theca cells can synthesize androgens to be converted to estrogen in granulosa cells, some follicles develop secondary follicles, antrum will form in strcuture called teritary follicle, teh dominant follicle develops which is also known as graffian, and the graffian follicle rupture and ovulation occur

27
Q

What is the luteal phase and what happens in it

A

it is the second phase of ovarian cycle which is the second half (15-28)
the follicular cells left behind in ovary become corpus luteum and this corpus luteum releases progesterone and estrogen
if fertilization doesn’t occur, corpus luteum degenerate and scar tissue is left called corpus albicans
if fertilization occur, corpus luteum continues to make progesterone and estrogen until end of first trimester
dominant follicle ruptures oocyte released into fimbria, theca cells and granulosa cells develop into luteal cells, hight fat content yellow colour is the luteum

28
Q

What is happening to the hormones in early to mid follicular phase

A

LH is stimulating release of androgens from theca cells
FSH stimulate conversion to esrogen by granulosa cell
granulosa cell also secrete AMH which is anti mullerian hormone preventing recruitment of additional follicles
estrogens exert + feedback on granilosa cells to increase proliferation and increase estrogen
estrogen exert - feedback at pituitary and hypothalamus to prevent developement of additional follicles in same cycle
shut down FSH and LH but still continue estrogen production with teh + feedback loop

29
Q

What are teh hormonal regulations happening in early to mid luteal phase

A

corous luteum under influence of LH and FSH release progesterone, inhibin, and estrogen
these hormones exert - feedback at hypothalamus and pituitary
progesterone and estrogen inhibits GnRH pulses
progesterone is dominant in luteal phase so endometrium can continue its preperation for pregnancy and become secretory structure

30
Q

what are hormonal regulations in late luteal phase

A

the intrinsic life span of corpus luteum is 12 days
if fertilization doesn’t take place, corpus luteum undergoes apoptosis, once it’s realized there is no fertilization the corpus luteum dies and causes decrease in estrogen and progesterone so - feedback is lost anf causes simulation of LH and FSH to begin process again
corpus luteum undergoes apoptosis, low estrogen and progesterone, reduces - feedback at hypothalamus and pituitary so return GnRH pulse to one every 1.5 h, stimulate process again

31
Q

How is estrogen synthesis achived in follicle cells

A

using the communication between teh theca and granulosa cells, the theca cells has LHR for LH and that will make progesterone in theca cell which goes into granulosa cell that has FSHR for FSH and use it to convert teh progesterone into estrogen

32
Q

What is the function of estrogen in teh following: sex specific tissues, other reproductive effects, secondary sex characteristics, nonreporductive effects on functions in adult female and then the effect of estrogen on other reproductive effects and secondary sex characteristics on function of adrenal androgens in adult females

A

function of estrogen in adult female:
sex specific tissue- promote follicular developement and ovulation, stimulate growth iof endometrium, maiantian reproductive tract
other reporoductive efefcts- negative feedback effect on GnRH, LH and FSH secretions
secondary sex characteristics- stimulate development and growth of breat tissue and increase sebaceous gland secretion
nonreproductive effect- increase sex drive
secondary sex characteristics- public and axillary hair growth

33
Q

What is downside of pregancy ar older ages

A

number of follicles is declining with age and viability and genetic qualioty of oocyte decreases with age
alignemnt of chromosome get changed witrh age so genetic material may alos go where oit isn’t supposed to be

34
Q

What is menopause and what happens there

A

it is teh end of female reproductive cycle, ovaries lose their abilities to respond to FSH abd LH
estradiol and progesterone levels fall
lack of negatuve feedback causes \LH and FSH to rise

35
Q

what must the sperm go through before fertilization

A

sperm deposited in vagina must mature and travel before fertilization, sperm undergo capacitation to become hyperactive
albumin, enzymes, and lipoproteins bind to sperm so the glycoprotein coat is removed, intracelluar changes, and develop strong whip like motion
sperm also must pass through cervical mucous and uterine and oviduct contractions aid transport

36
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

oocyte is viable for 24 hour and spermatozoa is viable for 4-6 dyas so of fertilization happen in follapian tube and the fertilized egg will go to teh uterus

37
Q

when a sperm has fertilized an oocyte, what happens to prevent polyspermy

A

sperm docks with sperm binding protein on oocyte membrane to trigger depolarization of oocyte, fusion of cortical grannules with outer memebrane, coat fertilized oocyte and prevent penetration by additional sperm

38
Q

what happens after fertilization

A

cell divison take place and the blastocyst reaches uterus and then blastocyst implants

39
Q

what is the fertilization hormone

A

a human gonadotroipin (hCG) is secreted from trophoblast which take over from pituitary to maintain corpus luteum and orevent next menstrual cycle, it is similiar ti LH anf is basis of prgnancy test

40
Q

what does hCG acting on corpus luteum cause on progesterone

A

progesterone keep endometrium intact
progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin cause feedback suppression of pituitary

41
Q

what is placenta circulation

A

maternal vasculature not physically linked to fetal vasculature as maternal blood forms lacunae, fetal choronic villi transfer gases and solutes between mother and fetus

42
Q

what is the temporary endocrine gland

A

placenta with 4 hromones: hCG, progesterone, estrogen, human placental lactogen

43
Q

what is placenta

A

preforms role of digfestive, respiratory, and renal system for fetus
exchanges: nutrient/waste
oxygen/carbon dioxide
proteins, chemical, etc

44
Q

what are teh functions of the placenta hormones

A

hCG- maintain corpus luteum and stimulate fetal testis
progesterone- suppress uterine contractions, cervical plug, mammary gland development
estrogen- uterine development ( gowth, blood supply, oxytocin receptores), breast duct development, etc
human placenta lactogen- structurally related to growth hormone and prolactin, hight in mother and low in fetus, decreases maternal cellular uptaje of glucose and enhances material lipolysis

45
Q

what are the maternal adpatation during prganancy

A

renal- increased vasopressin increases blood v olume due to retaining water and increased activity of RAAS sodium and fluid rentetion
cardiovascular- increased output to reach new organs made in ftus
immune system- partially suppressed so it doesn’t attack fetus
calcium homeostasis- preganancy associated hyperparathyroidism where high PTH due to Ca needed to reach teh baby but calcitonin keeps it in check

46
Q

how is labour triggered

A

before parturition, relaxin is released from ovary and placenta loosens the ligmanets in pelvic bone and causes cervix to soften
trigger: increase in estrogen and oxytrocin in uterus increase, increase in fetal cortisol, increase in polacentya cotictropin releasing hormone (CRH), and increase prostaglandins

47
Q

what does fetus have at 6 weeks

A

fetus has bipotential primordium and rudimentary reproductive tracts where it makes ovaries or testis if there is Y chromosome
if ovary: mullerian duct form and leads to fallopian tube, uterus, and vagina
if testis: wollfian duct form leading to epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle

47
Q

difference in breast milk before and after paturition

A

before paturition- estrogens and progesterone needed for developemnt of mammary glands but inhibit milk production
after paturition- oxytocin contract/squeeze the myoepithelial cell to cause secretion of milk into milk duct
prolactin is epithelial milk producing cells
prolactin and oxytocin are both rleased from pituitary gland

48
Q

what are two stimuli that regulate milk productiopn

A

sound of child’s vcry which activate higher up brain processes to have + effect on hypothalamus decrease PIH (dopamine) in anterior pituitary to increase prolactin and secrete milk with help of smmoth muscle contraction
second stimuli is baby sucking which cause impact on mechanoreceptores in nipple to send sensory information to higher up process and cause the let down reflex where it has + effect in hypothalamus to decrease PIH in anterior pituitary and increase prolactin

49
Q

what is function of SRY gene and its effect on AMH

A

so SF1 is the steroidogenic factor 1 which is transcription factor in bipotential gonad which is of XY that has SRY
SRY is responsible for testes forming
AMH is anti mullerian hormone which cause regression of mullerian duct and repress forming female liek structure

49
Q

XX developement of structures

A

at 10 weeks: gonadol cortex become ovary since there is no SRY protein\
gonadol medulla regresses
wollfian duct regresses since testosterone is absent and mullerian duct become follapian tube, uterus, cervix, and upper 1/2 of vagina as AMH is absent

50
Q

What is special characteristics about the Y chromosome

A

contain teh SRY gene which promote testis developement as it encodes the TDF which is testis determining factor- transcriptional factor

51
Q

What is role of SOX9 in gonadol development

A

SOX 9 initiate sertoli cell differentiation
proliferation of sertoli precursores to sertoli precursores organizing around cluster of germ cells
cellular events downstream of SOX 9 rapidly organize testis structure

52
Q

what is the XY developemnt of structure

A

at 10 weeks-0 SRY protein in male embryo direct medulla of bipotential gonad to develop into testis
gonadol cortex regress
gonadol medulla form testis
anti mullerian hormone from testis causes mullerian duct to regress
at birth- testosterone from testis convert wollfian duct into seminal vesicle, vas deferens. epididymis

52
Q

What is role of B-catenin hormone in XX structure

A

suppress SOX9 expression

53
Q

What are soem variations in sex determination and developement of atypical hormone levels or action

A

XY- atypical androgen synthesis or action
XX- excessive exposure to androgens during early gestation

54
Q

How is puberty different between boys and girls

A

rapid growth and development with earlier and more obvious signs in girls

First semester (14 decks)

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