BCH- Week 1

Question 1

What are proteins polymers of and what bonds connect them?

Answer 1

proteins are polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds that make polypeptides

Question 2

What are polysaccharides polymers of and how are they connected?

Answer 2

polysaccharides are polymers of sugars linked together by glycosidic bonds

Question 3

What is DNA polymer of and what links it together?

Answer 3

DNA is polymer of nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester bonds

Question 4

List examples of proteins

Answer 4

enzymes, trasnporters, lipoproteins, hormones, signalling molecules, receptores. recognition molecules, glycoproteins, structural proteins, motility proteins

Question 5

Why is structure important for protein function?

Answer 5

that is because the function precieved is the one due to the contents of the structure and affects in structure can arise different functions

Question 6

Match teh following functional groups names with their associated names:
1- Carboxyl
2- Ketone
3-Ester
4- Aldehyde
a- COOH
b- CO
c- COOC
d- COH

Answer 6

1- a
2- b
3- c
4- d

Question 7

What type of functional groups can be seen in psilocybin?

Answer 7

indole, phosphate, amine

Question 8

Match the following functional group names with their associated structure:
1- amide
2- amine
3- imidazole
4- indole

a- NH2
b-CONH2
c- a ring structure with NH and N
d- 2 ring structure, phenyl in one of them

Answer 8

1- b
2- a
3- c
4- d

Question 9

Match the following functional groups names with their corresponding structure:
1- hydroxyl
2- thiol
3- phenyl
4- phosphate

a- 6 carbon ring structure with double bonds
b- SH
c- OH
d- PO4H2

Answer 9

1- c
2- b
3- a
4- d

Question 10

What are the two types of bonds that are in proteins?

Answer 10

covalent bonding which holds the amino acids
noncovalent allows chains to fold into final structure

Question 11

Do both cofactors and transporters bind molecules noncovalently?

Answer 11

not exactly true, the cofactors can bind both covalantly and noncovalantly while transporters only bind noncovalenatly

Question 12

What are the three types of protein cofactors and how do they differ?

Answer 12

prosthetic groups- larger chemicals that are tightly bound by covalent or noncovalent forces
coenzymes- type of cofactor that shuttles commonly used functional groups in chemical reactions
Metal ion cofactors- may interact with protein to help with its structure or be involved in enzyme catalysis

Question 13

What are some characteristics about hydrogen bonding

Answer 13

Hydrogen bonds are strong and attractive non covalent forces where teh hydrogen atoms acts as hydrogen bond donor and electronegative atom act as hydrogen bond acceptor

Question 14

How many H-bonds can a water molecule form and why is that important?

Answer 14

Water can form up to 4 transient H-bonds and that is important for molecule solubilization

Question 15

What is an amphiphiles?

Answer 15

are molecules that can act as hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Question 16

What is the hydrophobic effect and how does that help with formation?

Answer 16

this effect is where nonpolar molecules will aggregate in queous solution, excluding the water molecules and this is teh driving force that forms macromolecules structures where excluding water cause increase ine entropy of water molecules

Question 17

What does Ka stand for and how can we use it to know if acid is strong or weak?

Answer 17

Ka is the amount of product produced by acid dissociation, Ka= [H+] [A-] and higher Ka means strong acid since it has high dissociation and that value can be used to calculate pKa which is the pH at which group will lose or gain H+ and pKa stands for the strngth of the acid, lower pKa means high Ka so strong acid

Question 17

What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used for

Answer 17

tp determine the pH of a mixture of weak acid and conjugate base

Question 17

What is a buffer and how is it important for protein interactions

Answer 17

buffer is a mixture of weak acid and conjugate base that resist change in pH andsuch systems are improtant to maintain the protein’s structure and function as they will neutralize any changes in pH by adding or losing H+ to keep pH constant

Question 18

What is the blood’s buffering system?

Answer 18

that is the bicarbonate/ carbonic acid buffer which will ensure the blood mainatins pH of 7.4

Question 19

How will bicarbonate maintain the blood pH?

Answer 19

bicarbonate (HCO3 with - charge) will act as teh intermediate which will accept H+ when pH drops below 7.4 and will release H+ when pH goes above 7.4 and the CO2 will be exhaled

Question 20

What is teh bohr effect?

Answer 20

the way that hemoglobin will release the bound oxygen, when there is low pH in the tissues due to high CO2 binding water and producing bicarbonate and H+ and that lowering of pH will cause hemoglobin His146 to be protonated and form salt bridge with Asp94 causing release of oxygen