Psichiatry- Physiology Flashcards
Classical conditioning
Learning in which a natural response (salivation) is elicited by a conditioned or learned, stimulus (bell) that previously was presented in conjunction with an unconditioned stimulus (food).
*Involuntary responses
Operant conditioning
Learning in which a particular action is elicited because it produces a punishment or reward.
*voluntary responses
Operant conditioning
- Reinforcement
Target behavior (response) is followed by desired reward (positive reinforcement) or removal of aversive stimulus (negative reinforcement).
Operant conditioning
- Extinction
Discontinuation of reinforcement (positive or negative) eventually eliminates behavior.
Operant conditioning
- Punishment
Repeated application of aversive stimulus (positive punishment) or removal of desired reward (negative punishment) to extinguish unwanted behavior (Skinner’s operant conditioning quadrant).
Transference
Patient projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto physician
Countertransference
Doctor projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto patient
Ego defenses
Mental processes (unconscious or conscious) used to resolve conflict and prevent undesirable feelings (eg, anxiety, depression).
Ego defenses
- Acting out
Expressing unacceptable feelings and thoughts
through actions
Ego defenses
- Denial
Avoiding the awareness of some painful reality
Ego defenses
- Displacement
Redirection of emotions or impulses to a neutral person or object (vs projection).
Ego defenses
- Dissociation
Temporary, drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness, or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress. Patient has incomplete or no memory of traumatic event.
Ego defenses
- Fixation
Partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs regression).
Ego defenses
- Idealization
Expressing extremely positive thoughts of self and others while ignoring negative thoughts.
Ego defenses
- Identification
Largely unconscious assumption of the characteristics, qualities, or traits of another person or group.
Ego defenses
- Intellectualization
Using facts and logic to emotionally distance oneself from a stressful situation.
Ego defenses
- Isolation (of affect)
Separating feelings from ideas and events
Ego defenses
- Passive aggression
Demonstrating hostile feelings in a nonconfrontational manner; showing indirect opposition.
Ego defenses
- Projection
Attributing an unacceptable internal impulse to an external source (vs displacement).
Ego defenses
- Rationalization
Proclaiming logical reasons for actions actually performed for other reasons, usually to avoid self-blame.
Ego defenses
- Reaction formation
Replacing a warded-off idea or feeling with an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite (vs sublimation)
Ego defenses
- Regression
Involuntarily turning back the maturational clock and going back to earlier modes of dealing with the world (vs fixation).
Ego defenses
- Repression
Involuntarily withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs suppression).
Ego defenses
- Splitting
Believing that people are either all good or all bad at different times due to intolerance of ambiguity.
Commonly seen in borderline personality disorder.
Ego defenses (mature defense) - Sublimation
Replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but socially acceptable (vs reaction formation)
Ego defenses (mature defense) - Altruism
Alleviating negative feelings via unsolicited generosity, which provides gratification (vs reaction formation)
Ego defenses (mature defense) - Suppression
Intentionally withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs repression); temporary.
Ego defenses (mature defense) - Humor
Appreciating the amusing nature of an anxiety provoking or adverse situation
