Psichiatry- Physiology

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

Learning in which a natural response (salivation) is elicited by a conditioned or learned, stimulus (bell) that previously was presented in conjunction with an
unconditioned stimulus (food).

*Involuntary responses

Question 2

Operant conditioning

Answer 2

Learning in which a particular action is elicited because it produces a punishment or reward.

*voluntary responses

Question 3

Operant conditioning

- Reinforcement

Answer 3

Target behavior (response) is followed by desired reward (positive reinforcement) or removal of aversive stimulus (negative reinforcement).

Question 4

Operant conditioning

- Extinction

Answer 4

Discontinuation of reinforcement (positive or negative) eventually eliminates behavior.

Question 5

Operant conditioning

- Punishment

Answer 5

Repeated application of aversive stimulus (positive punishment) or removal of desired reward (negative punishment) to extinguish unwanted behavior (Skinner’s operant conditioning quadrant).

Question 6

Transference

Answer 6

Patient projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto physician

Question 7

Countertransference

Answer 7

Doctor projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto patient

Question 8

Ego defenses

Answer 8

Mental processes (unconscious or conscious) used to resolve conflict and prevent undesirable feelings (eg, anxiety, depression).

Question 9

Ego defenses

- Acting out

Answer 9

Expressing unacceptable feelings and thoughts

through actions

Question 10

Ego defenses

- Denial

Answer 10

Avoiding the awareness of some painful reality

Question 11

Ego defenses

- Displacement

Answer 11

Redirection of emotions or impulses to a neutral person or object (vs projection).

Question 12

Ego defenses

- Dissociation

Answer 12

Temporary, drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness, or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress. Patient has incomplete or no memory of traumatic event.

Question 13

Ego defenses

- Fixation

Answer 13

Partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs regression).

Question 14

Ego defenses

- Idealization

Answer 14

Expressing extremely positive thoughts of self and others while ignoring negative thoughts.

Question 15

Ego defenses

- Identification

Answer 15

Largely unconscious assumption of the characteristics, qualities, or traits of another person or group.

Question 16

Ego defenses

- Intellectualization

Answer 16

Using facts and logic to emotionally distance oneself from a stressful situation.

Question 17

Ego defenses

- Isolation (of affect)

Answer 17

Separating feelings from ideas and events

Question 18

Ego defenses

- Passive aggression

Answer 18

Demonstrating hostile feelings in a nonconfrontational manner; showing indirect opposition.

Question 19

Ego defenses

- Projection

Answer 19

Attributing an unacceptable internal impulse to an external source (vs displacement).

Question 20

Ego defenses

- Rationalization

Answer 20

Proclaiming logical reasons for actions actually performed for other reasons, usually to avoid self-blame.

Question 21

Ego defenses

- Reaction formation

Answer 21

Replacing a warded-off idea or feeling with an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite (vs sublimation)

Question 22

Ego defenses

- Regression

Answer 22

Involuntarily turning back the maturational clock and going back to earlier modes of dealing with the world (vs fixation).

Question 23

Ego defenses

- Repression

Answer 23

Involuntarily withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs suppression).

Question 24

Ego defenses

- Splitting

Answer 24

Believing that people are either all good or all bad at different times due to intolerance of ambiguity.

Commonly seen in borderline personality disorder.

Question 25

Ego defenses (mature defense)
- Sublimation

Answer 25

Replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but socially acceptable (vs reaction formation)

Question 26

Ego defenses (mature defense)
- Altruism

Answer 26

Alleviating negative feelings via unsolicited generosity, which provides gratification (vs reaction formation)

Question 27

Ego defenses (mature defense)
- Suppression

Answer 27

Intentionally withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs repression); temporary.

Question 28

Ego defenses (mature defense)
- Humor

Answer 28

Appreciating the amusing nature of an anxiety provoking or adverse situation