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Psychology > PS1018 - Ethics > Flashcards

PS1018 - Ethics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five general principles of the APA Ethical Guidelines?

A
  1. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
  2. Fidelity and Responsibility
  3. Integrity
  4. Justice
  5. Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity
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2
Q

What is the purpose of the Belmont Report?

A

To establish ethical principles for research involving human ppts, including Respect for Persons, Beneficence and Justice

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3
Q

What is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

A committee that reviews research proposals to ensure ethical standards are met, particularly regarding ppt welfare

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4
Q

When is deception in research ethically permissible?

A
  1. when its necessary for the studies validity
  2. when it involves minimal risk to ppts
  3. when ppts are debriefed after
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5
Q

What is the difference between confidentiality and anonymity?

A

Confidentiality - ppt information is protected and not shared
Anonymity - ppts identities are unknown even to researchers

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6
Q

What does a risk vs benefit analysis involve

A

assessing whether the potential benefits of the research outweigh the possible risks to participants

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7
Q

What ethical guidelines apply to animal research?

A
  1. Humane treatment of animals
  2. Minimisation of harm and discomfort
  3. Proper housing and care standards
  4. Oversight by committees like IACUC
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8
Q

What are some emerging ethical concerns in research?

A
  1. Protecting online data privacy
  2. Ethical use of AI and big data
  3. Managing risks in virtual or digital research environments
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9
Q

Why is counterbalancing important in ethical research?

A

reduces potential confounds like order effects or practice effects, which could unfairly influence ppt responses

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10
Q

what should researchers do if ethical issues arise during a study?

A

Report to the IRB, halt the study if necessary, and take corrective measures to protect ppts

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11
Q

What does the BPS code of conduct cover

A

both research and clinical practice

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12
Q

What ethical principles is the BPS code of conduct based on?

A
  • Respect
  • competence
  • responsibility
  • integrity
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13
Q

BPS Practice Guidelines

A
  • Legal framework for psychological work
  • Cycle of professional practice
  • Reflective practice
  • Development, training and leadership
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14
Q

Why get ethical approval?

A
  • required in you are a member of the BPS
  • ESRC (research funder) requires it
  • Journals require it
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15
Q

Ethical issues in Milgram’s obedience experiment

A
  • ppt displayed severe stress
  • deception was used
  • questions arose about whether ppts truly consented
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16
Q

When is confidentiality allowed to be broken?

A
  • when a child or vulnerable adult is at risk
  • For terrorism prevention
  • if someone’s health or life is at risk
17
Q

Key goals of debriefing

A
  • Explaining research purpose
  • resolve deception
  • return ppt to original emotional/physical state
  • allow questions and provide contact info
18
Q

What are ‘protected titles’ under the HCPC and BPS?

A

Titles like clinical, forensic and educational psychologist, which require registration with HCPC

19
Q

Methodological concern with Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment

A

Lack of safeguards led to extreme behaviours like bullying and dehumanisation, raising significant ethical concerns

20
Q

Ethical Issues with the Nazi Experiments

A
  • Involuntary and non-consensual experiments
  • Violation of Medical ethics
  • Inhumane Treatment
21
Q

Scientific Issues with the Nazi Experiments

A
  • Lack of Scientific rigor
  • Questionable validity
  • Absence of peer review
22
Q

Moral Dilemmas with the Nazi Experiments

A
  • Should Unethically Obtained data be used?
  • victims memory and dignity
  • precedent for future research
23
Q

Arguments for using Nazi research data

A
  • potential to save lives by improving hypothermia treatment
  • data is unique and difficult to replicate under ethical conditions
  • could serve as a historical reminder of the atrocities
24
Q

Arguments against using Nazi Data

A
  • Legitimizes unethical research and dishonours victims
  • Poor scientific rigor makes data unreliable
  • Risks setting a precedent that unethical data can be used
25
Q

What does the American Medical Association (AMA) think about using Nazi data?

A

Oppose the use of Nazi medical data due to unethical origins

26
Q

Example of stolen data

A

Ashley Madison

27
Q

Arguments for using stolen data

A
  • potential to gain insights into unique human behaviour
  • data may already be publicly available and widely disseminated
  • could prevent further harm by analysing patterns for societal benefit
28
Q

Arguments against using stolen data

A
  • violates ethical principles of privacy, consent, autonomy
  • sets a dangerous precedent legitimising unethical data use
  • legal risks and harm to individuals outweigh potential benefits
29
Q

Alternatives to using stolen data

A
  1. ethical data collection from willing ppts
  2. data anonymisation to protect identities
  3. historical/sociological analysis

Psychology (8 decks)

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