ps CL Flashcards
what did IVan Petrovich Pavlov’s experiment
demonstrates the effect of conditioning on dog salivation
How did Pavlov investigate and why
investigated the digestive system of dogs by presenting them with meat powder and measuring the amount of saliva produced
What was the conclusion of Pavlovs experiment
the dog began to salivate even before the meat powder was presented as they associated the feeder with the meat powder. This led Pavlov to conclude that the dogs were conditioned to respond to the feeder through the process of classical conditioning.
Classical Conditioning
a type of learning involving the association from one object to another object that does not have relation to it only by conditioned response
What was an unethical experiment
Scientists Watson and Raynor made a baby fear white fluffy things by doing a loud noise and showing a rat.
Neutral Stimulus NS
stimulus prior to conditioning that does not produce a response this is the one that turns into a conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus UCS
A stimulus that innately produce a response or reflex
what is an example of neutral stimulus
pavlovs bell in his experiment
what is an example of unconditioned stimulus
the meat in Pavlov’s experiment
unconditioned response UCR
an unlearned response by an unconditioned stimulus
ASSOCIATION
a connection between two events which results in learning
What is an example of association
the dog associated the bell with food and would salivate
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
after neutral stimulus is paired with unconditioned stimulus many times the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus
what is an exampled of conditioned stimulus
the bell it now elicits a learned response
conditioned response
a learned response to a conditioned stimulus
what is an example of conditioned response
the dog learned to salivate at the bell
what is another word for conditioning
learning
what does unconditioned mean
unlearned or before the learning process takes place
What are the main elements of classical conditioning
extinction
Stimulus Generalization
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
what does extinction mean?
a conditioned response that is no longer reinforced but unconditioned stimulus the condition response no longer occurs
What does stimulus generalization mean
when an organism has been conditioned to respond to a stimulus, it will often respond to similar stimuli.
what is stimulus discrimination
when an organism has been conditioned to respond to a stimulus, it will often respond to similar stimuli.
spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction and a rest period
operant response
A response or behavior of an organism that is voluntary and not associated with a particular stimulus.
what does the response of operant response act on or modfies?
the enviroment
whats an example of operant response
person picking up a book to read
what is reinforcer
The reward given for the response in order to strengthen it and increase the likelihood of the response occurring again
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what is positive reinforcer
A reward which strengthens a response by providing a pleasurable consequence such as praise or chocolate bar
what is negative reinforcer
A reward which strengthens a response by removing or reducing an unpleasant stimulus such as takin away a chore or homework
what is schedule of reinforcment?
The frequency in which a response is reinforced in operant conditioning.
what is continuous reinforcement
when a satisfying response is reinforced every time.
what is partial reinforcement
reinforcement which does not occur continuously. The reinforcement may be administered in the following ways:
what is fixed ration schedule
a satisfying response is reinforced after a set number of responses have been made, e.g. every fifth response.
what is fixed nterval schedule
a satisfying response is reinforced at regular time intervals e.g. every five minutes.
what is variable ratio schedule
a satisfying response is reinforced at random intervals within a fixed length of time e.g. catching four fish within a two-hour period
Punishment definition:
The introduction of an unpleasant stimuli such as a hit or yell
Difference between punishment and negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement: taking away an unpleasant stimuli to increase the probability of the response occurring
Potential punishers
Any consequences which might lead to a decrease in the response
Some consequences may be punishers for some people but not others
Side effects of punishment
Aggression
Frustration
Avoidance learning
Escape learning and learned helplessness
The consequences of punishment
Punishment may not decrease the behavior at all but teach the child the aggressive or to avoid the punisher
The punishment may end up being positive reinforcement or serves to satisfy the frustration of the punisher
what should effective punishment address
person’s action and not the person’s character
What should punishment be related to
the undesirable behavior and it should consist of penalties or response cost the removal of a reinforcer rather than psychological or physical pain
what are negative effects of punishment?
aggression
Frustration
Avoidance Learning
Escape Learning
Learned Helplessness
No Decrease in Behavior but aggression and avoidance towards punisher
Become positive reinforcement or only serves to satisfy punisher
what is shaping in operant conditioning
when the organism is reinforced for any response which moves towards the desired behavior
what is an example of shaping in operant conditioning
ewarding you cat for any behaviors that relates it using the kitty litter
what is stimulus generalization
When the organism responds to stimuli which are similar to the original stimulus.
what’s an example of stimulus generalization
if a pigeon has been operantly conditioned to peck a blue light by receiving food pellets whenever it does so, the pigeon may also generalise to other similar coloured lights. However, if other lights are increasingly different from the original light stimulus, the pigeon is less likely to peck at them
what is stimulus discrimination
When the organism learns which responses will be reinforced and which will not.
what is spontaneous recovery
When the extinguished response reappears after a rest period.
what is extinction
If the reinforcement ceases, the operantly conditioned response will disappear over time.
what is the principle used to teach animals certain behaivors?
principle of shaping
how is an animal shaped into doing behaviors such as a dog sitting on command?
The animal is reinforced for any behavior which moves toward the desired goal, as in animal training or training guide dogs
how can one modify behavior such as eliminating inappropriate behavior
Positive reinforcement and the withdrawal of reinforcement is administered to eliminate inappropriate behavior and to teach new responses
what is token economies
A technique which rewards people for appropriate behavior with tokens which can then be traded privileges
what is an example of token economies
primary school children could be give gold stars as a reward for good behavior which could then be traded in for certain privileges at the end of the week. These privileges could range from time on the class computer or extra play time
what is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning differences in role learner timing of stimulus and response nature of response
cc-Role Learner: Passive
Timing of stimulus and response: reinforcement occurs before the response
Nature of response: Automatic: the involuntary response (salivation) depends on a reinforcement (meat powder) being presented
oc- Role Learner: Active
Timing of stimulus and response: reinforcement occurs after the response
Nature of Response: Voluntary and involuntarily reinforcement (food pellet) depends on response (press lever) being made
who is the psychology professor who pioneered the learning theory?
Bob Boakes Mccaughey
What is learning theory?
Definition: is the study of the basic principles by which any kind of learning occurs
The process by which we gain knowledge about the world that starts before we are born and constantly continues
what is the most important factor for survival according the Charles darwin?
behavior of animals
what is learning?
How react emotionally and actions is what learning is
learning can change if conditions change
how does learning theory have an evolutionary aspect
It seeks fundamental principles underlying the way that species adapt to their particular environments as the first step towards a proper understanding of human learning
what is the unique possession humans have that differs from other animals
language enables us to register and think about our experience transforms some of the ways that we learn
how did the principle of theory begin?
it started with Ivan Pavlov’s experiment
what correlation did pavlov make between bodily systems
digestive and brain
he used a dog
who was the creator of operant conditioning? and what did he study
edward thordlinke?
studied a second kind of learning process which is operant / instrumental conditioning
what was thorndlike’s experiment
he ran experiments to test whether a cat could show insight in solving problems or could use only a process of trial and error with accidental success when learning to operate a latch in order to get out of a box
what did thorndlike learn from his experiment
He learned immediate consequences/effect of an action modify it’s subsequent frequency
what is law of effect?
the principle that we tend to repeat actions that have pleasing outcomes.
who is john watson and what did he believe?
was the founder of behaviorism:
He believed pavlov’s conditioned reflex provided the building blocks for a new science of psychology that was built on observable behavior alone and rejected introspection of mental events
who is the most influential behaviorist and why ?
BF Skinner
Early scientific career was based on studies of conditioning first in the rat and then the pigeon
What did watson and skinner develop due to their experiments?
They developed treatments for various kinds of psychological disorders such as irrational fears and innovations in education and skills training
what is the difference between extinction and forgetting
Forgetting- is weakening the response or difficulty in retrieving information as a result of the passage of time
Extinction resulting from withholding of reinforcements- the effects of conditioning are not easily forgotten behavior/reward or consequences
what does thorndlikes’s law of effect pinipoint?
importance of time
when is learning much more effective?
when an immediate feedback
what does pavlov and thorndlikes experiment share similar ?
time
what is generalization
Can be obtain the same reaction with test stimulus and the original event
what is an example of generalization
For example: when a person gets in a car accident and were listening to a song before it occurs the person may have anxiety hearing that song afterwords… this person could also associate any song from the band and get anxiety
what can the learning theory help if put into practice?
it can help with treatments of phobia
exposure therapy
what does learning involve?
cognition or the process of knowledge
what are the main stages of insight?
preparation
incubation
illumination
verification
what is preparation?
formulating the problem and gaining information about it
what is incubation
leave the problem for a while and consider other things - there is a pause in the learners activity where the learner stops trying to complete task
what is illumination?
insight into a problem. It is often referred to as the ah ha moment experience as the learner suddenly switched on
what is verification ?
test and evaluate possible solutions. If solutions do not work you maly go back to the incubation stages or preparation stages
what was kohler’s experiment?
Kholer locked a chimpanzee name Sultan in a cage and placed a banana outside the cage just out of reach
what was the result of kholer’s experiment
Sultan tried to reach banana > sultan became more and more frustrated > after a while sultan began playing with the sticks and suddenly realized that they could be joined together to create on stick long enough to reach banana
what was the conclusion of kholer’s experiment
Sultan had a flash of insight which lead him to the solution
After temporary confusion and frustrations the chimpanzee was able to recognise the solution and apply it to his problem. This type of learning is insight learning also referred to as insight thinking
what is learning set?
The positive transfer of learning that occurs from one learning situation to another similar learning situation
As a result of solving previous problems rules and habits are established which help when tackling a new problem
what is an example of learning set?
A person plays card game with specific skills and then learns a similar game. Once the first game is learned the time taken to learn a new similar card game is faster as the person can transfer skills they already have.
