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MCAT > PS > Flashcards

PS Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Mediating vs Moderating variable

A

A moderator variable is one that influences the strength of a relationship between two other variables, and a mediator variable is one that explains the relationship between the two other variables.

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2
Q

Social constructionism asserts that people develop understandings and knowledge of the world through interactions with other people, and that the mediating force in this interaction is primarily _____

A

langauge

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3
Q

3 components of emotion

A

physiological arousal (how your body reacts to emotions, emotional information or stimuli), expressive displays (how you express your emotions), and subjective experiences (how you feel and interpret your emotions,

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4
Q

___ reinforcement schedules tend to produce the highest response rates that are the most resistant to extinction

A

Variable ratio

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5
Q

Criterion validity refers to whether a variable is able to

A

Criterion validity refers to whether a variable is able to predict a certain outcome

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6
Q

construct validity refers to the manner in which ___

A

the terms of the study are defined.

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7
Q

Prejudice is an attitude based on ___, stereotyping is a ____

A

Emotions, cognitive thought

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8
Q

illness experience is what perspective?

A

symbolic interactionist

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9
Q

Compliance vs conformity

A

Compliance is where you maintain your own stance privately, conformity is where your stance aligns with the group

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10
Q

Weber’s law postulates that there is a __ relationship,between the intensity of a stimulus and its detection.

A

Weber’s law postulates that there is a linear relationship, not a nonlinear relationship, between the intensity of a stimulus and its detection.

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11
Q

Explicit attitudes are_________ attitudes.

A

Explicit attitudes are conscious attitudes.

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12
Q

mastery of conservation is the criterion for entering the concrete operations stage, which starts at approximately ____ and ends around ____ years.

A

mastery of conservation is the criterion for entering the concrete operations stage, which starts at approximately 7 years and ends around 11 to 12 years.

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13
Q

cognitive aspect of attitude includes what two things

A

ideas and beliefs

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14
Q

Acquisition vs Shaping

A

Acquisition: explains the initial phase of acquiring a behavior and applies to BOTH classical and operant conditioning

Shaping: a procedure of continuous reinforcement to help the subject acquire a behavior that ONLY applies to operant conditioning

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15
Q

____ refers to change in social identity (employed to unemployed e.g.) but maintains status (i.e. same income)

A

Horizontal mobility refers to change in social identity (employed to unemployed e.g.) but maintains status (i.e. same income)

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16
Q

_____ is the process by which one group (the dominant group) designates another (a subordinate group) with a racial identity.

A

Racialization

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17
Q

________is a microsociological perspective of human interactions, which proposes that any given interaction between people is the result of a calculated effort by all parties to maximize personal benefit and minimize

A

Social exchange theory

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18
Q

The halo effect?

A

The halo effect, which is an attributional error that occurs when an individual with a positive quality (eg, physical attractiveness) is assumed to have other positive qualities (eg, intelligence)

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19
Q

Normal memory decay (or forgetting) follows a characteristic pattern: ?

A

the initial rate of decay is highest right after the material is first learned, then plateaus over time.

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20
Q

Shadowing

A

in cognitive testing, a task in which a participant repeats aloud a message word for word at the same time that the message is being presented, often while other stimuli are presented in the background.

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21
Q

Verbal inputs go where in brain

A

opposite hemisphere and then in the left for processing

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22
Q

Social reproduction

A

passing off social status to kids

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23
Q

distal vs proximal stimuli

A

distal stimuli are objects and events out in the world about you. proximal stimuli are the patterns of stimuli from these objects and events that actually reach your senses (eyes, ears, etc.)

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24
Q

psychophysical testing methods (

A

psychophysical testing methods (such as the Method of Limits) directly assess our perception of stimuli in relation to their true physical properties.

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25
Q

In operant conditioning studies, the subject’s motivational state is most typically operationally defined by:

A

deprive subject of desirable stimulus

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26
Q

If a memory is recalled with intrusions, and those intrusions are consistent this may be false information being encoded, however if say this is the second time recalling and now new intrusions have come up, this would be due to _____

A

memory reconstruction

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27
Q

Emotional arousal causes a restriction of attention focus to _____

A

central details

28
Q

REM rebound?

A

REM rebound behavior refers to the increased frequency, depth, and intensity of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep following sleep deprivation or significant stressors.

29
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy?

A

Phenomenon where ones own or others’ expectations, especially negative ones influence the outcome and ultimately lead to the original expectation

30
Q

heart disease is associated with ___ which can cause anger and hostility

A

Negative stressors

31
Q

Dichotic listening task

A

The dichotic listening tasks involves simultaneously sending one message to a person’s right ear and a different message to their left ear. Participants were asked to listen to both messages at the same time and repeat what they heard.

32
Q

NMDA receptor ligand

A

glutamate

33
Q

self-verification

A

refers to the tendency to seek out (and agree with) information that is consistent with one’s self-concept

34
Q

Which neurotransmitter involved in both mood and appetite?

A

Serotonin

35
Q

Incentive theory focuses on _____ motivation

A

external

36
Q

When do infants start feeling stranger anxiety?

A

around 8 months of age

37
Q

negative priming and decline in verbal fluency seen in which cognitive disease?

A

Alzheimers

38
Q

Priming uses what memory and why

A

Implicit

priming occurs when exposure to a stimulus influences the response to another stimulus

39
Q

Novel information requires _____ effort to understand

A

conscious

40
Q

In signal detection theory, the detection of a stimulus is dependent on what two things?

A

Signal intensity and individuals mental state

41
Q

Agents of socialization can impress or alter _____ for an individual

A

Norms

42
Q

Sanctions

A

can be good or bad
reward or punishment
form of external incentive

43
Q

Me component acts according to

A

social norms

44
Q

Discriminating stimuli

A

when many stimuli are similar but make u react differently

45
Q

Extrinsic motivation refers to

A

any motivation that results from incentives (promotion, candy) to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself.

External motivation is described as social pressure, which is an example of extrinsic motivation.

Extrinsic is more broad

46
Q

Humanistic theory propronents

A 
Carl rogers
ideal self and actual self 
importance of congruency between self concept and actions
self actualization
inherent human goodness
CONSCIOUS EFFORT
47
Q

Incongruency refers to

A

diff between ideal and actual self

48
Q

Observer bias

A

(also called experimenter bias or research bias) is the tendency to see what we expect to see, or what we want to see. When a researcher studies a certain group, they usually come to an experiment with prior knowledge and subjective feelings about the group being studied.

49
Q

The maladaptiveness criterion

A

takes into account whether the behavior negatively impacts the person’s life or poses a threat to others.

50
Q

A stimulus motive is defined as

A

a motive that appears to be innate but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity. These motives are not necessary for survival

51
Q

Psychodynamic is related to

A

childhood experiences and personality

52
Q

Indep vs paired t sample test

A

An independent samples t-test is conducted when researchers wish to compare mean values of two groups

paired samples t-test is used if the results came from the same participants

53
Q

Before working memory comes ____ memory according to Baddeley’s model of working memory

A

sensory

54
Q

General paresis, also known as general paralysis of the insane or paralytic dementia, is a neuropsychiatric disorder affecting the brain, caused by ____

A

late-stage syphilis

55
Q

Neuroleptics vs atypical antipsychotics, which is better and why

A

Neuroleptics (antipsychotics) block positive symptoms but heighten negative ones

atypical antipsychotics tend to only reduce positive ones while not exacerbating negative ones (better)

56
Q

Sleepwalking, bedwetting, night terrors in which sleep stage?

A

4

57
Q

Positive vs negative priming

A

Positive priming speeds up the reaction to the stimulus, while negative priming slows down the reaction to the stimulus

58
Q

___ is the system that manipulates and processes information and focuses attention.

A

working memory

59
Q

Base rate fallacy

A

Base rate fallacy is incorrectly judging a situation, like not considering all info at your disposal

60
Q

Tonic receptors do what and found where

A

Tonic receptors are sensory receptors that continue to produce action potentials throughout the duration of a stimulus –> limited to the peripheral nervous system and are not found in the brain

61
Q

Chronic sympathetic activation can compromise _____

A

reproductive and immune functioning

62
Q

Operational span testing:

A

testing of the capacity of working memory; researchers alternate between presenting a word to be remembered, then asking participants to verify a simple math equation (to interrupt rehearsal), after which the participants are tested to see how many words they remember

63
Q

Multitasking affected by what three things

A

task similarity, difficulty, and practice

64
Q

when a response results in escape from an aversive stimulus, it is an example of what reinforcement

A

negative reinforcement

65
Q

encoding specificity refers to

A

enhanced memory when testing takes place under the same conditions as learning

MCAT (4 decks)

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