PS Flashcards
Mediating vs Moderating variable
A moderator variable is one that influences the strength of a relationship between two other variables, and a mediator variable is one that explains the relationship between the two other variables.
Social constructionism asserts that people develop understandings and knowledge of the world through interactions with other people, and that the mediating force in this interaction is primarily _____
langauge
3 components of emotion
physiological arousal (how your body reacts to emotions, emotional information or stimuli), expressive displays (how you express your emotions), and subjective experiences (how you feel and interpret your emotions,
___ reinforcement schedules tend to produce the highest response rates that are the most resistant to extinction
Variable ratio
Criterion validity refers to whether a variable is able to
Criterion validity refers to whether a variable is able to predict a certain outcome
construct validity refers to the manner in which ___
the terms of the study are defined.
Prejudice is an attitude based on ___, stereotyping is a ____
Emotions, cognitive thought
illness experience is what perspective?
symbolic interactionist
Compliance vs conformity
Compliance is where you maintain your own stance privately, conformity is where your stance aligns with the group
Weber’s law postulates that there is a __ relationship,between the intensity of a stimulus and its detection.
Weber’s law postulates that there is a linear relationship, not a nonlinear relationship, between the intensity of a stimulus and its detection.
Explicit attitudes are_________ attitudes.
Explicit attitudes are conscious attitudes.
mastery of conservation is the criterion for entering the concrete operations stage, which starts at approximately ____ and ends around ____ years.
mastery of conservation is the criterion for entering the concrete operations stage, which starts at approximately 7 years and ends around 11 to 12 years.
cognitive aspect of attitude includes what two things
ideas and beliefs
Acquisition vs Shaping
Acquisition: explains the initial phase of acquiring a behavior and applies to BOTH classical and operant conditioning
Shaping: a procedure of continuous reinforcement to help the subject acquire a behavior that ONLY applies to operant conditioning
____ refers to change in social identity (employed to unemployed e.g.) but maintains status (i.e. same income)
Horizontal mobility refers to change in social identity (employed to unemployed e.g.) but maintains status (i.e. same income)
_____ is the process by which one group (the dominant group) designates another (a subordinate group) with a racial identity.
Racialization
________is a microsociological perspective of human interactions, which proposes that any given interaction between people is the result of a calculated effort by all parties to maximize personal benefit and minimize
Social exchange theory
The halo effect?
The halo effect, which is an attributional error that occurs when an individual with a positive quality (eg, physical attractiveness) is assumed to have other positive qualities (eg, intelligence)
Normal memory decay (or forgetting) follows a characteristic pattern: ?
the initial rate of decay is highest right after the material is first learned, then plateaus over time.
Shadowing
in cognitive testing, a task in which a participant repeats aloud a message word for word at the same time that the message is being presented, often while other stimuli are presented in the background.
Verbal inputs go where in brain
opposite hemisphere and then in the left for processing
Social reproduction
passing off social status to kids
distal vs proximal stimuli
distal stimuli are objects and events out in the world about you. proximal stimuli are the patterns of stimuli from these objects and events that actually reach your senses (eyes, ears, etc.)
psychophysical testing methods (
psychophysical testing methods (such as the Method of Limits) directly assess our perception of stimuli in relation to their true physical properties.
In operant conditioning studies, the subject’s motivational state is most typically operationally defined by:
deprive subject of desirable stimulus
If a memory is recalled with intrusions, and those intrusions are consistent this may be false information being encoded, however if say this is the second time recalling and now new intrusions have come up, this would be due to _____
memory reconstruction
Emotional arousal causes a restriction of attention focus to _____
central details
REM rebound?
REM rebound behavior refers to the increased frequency, depth, and intensity of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep following sleep deprivation or significant stressors.
Self fulfilling prophecy?
Phenomenon where ones own or others’ expectations, especially negative ones influence the outcome and ultimately lead to the original expectation
heart disease is associated with ___ which can cause anger and hostility
Negative stressors
Dichotic listening task
The dichotic listening tasks involves simultaneously sending one message to a person’s right ear and a different message to their left ear. Participants were asked to listen to both messages at the same time and repeat what they heard.
NMDA receptor ligand
glutamate
self-verification
refers to the tendency to seek out (and agree with) information that is consistent with one’s self-concept
Which neurotransmitter involved in both mood and appetite?
Serotonin
Incentive theory focuses on _____ motivation
external
When do infants start feeling stranger anxiety?
around 8 months of age
negative priming and decline in verbal fluency seen in which cognitive disease?
Alzheimers
Priming uses what memory and why
Implicit
priming occurs when exposure to a stimulus influences the response to another stimulus
Novel information requires _____ effort to understand
conscious
In signal detection theory, the detection of a stimulus is dependent on what two things?
Signal intensity and individuals mental state
Agents of socialization can impress or alter _____ for an individual
Norms
Sanctions
can be good or bad
reward or punishment
form of external incentive
Me component acts according to
social norms
Discriminating stimuli
when many stimuli are similar but make u react differently
Extrinsic motivation refers to
any motivation that results from incentives (promotion, candy) to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself.
External motivation is described as social pressure, which is an example of extrinsic motivation.
Extrinsic is more broad
Humanistic theory propronents
Carl rogers ideal self and actual self importance of congruency between self concept and actions self actualization inherent human goodness CONSCIOUS EFFORT
Incongruency refers to
diff between ideal and actual self
Observer bias
(also called experimenter bias or research bias) is the tendency to see what we expect to see, or what we want to see. When a researcher studies a certain group, they usually come to an experiment with prior knowledge and subjective feelings about the group being studied.
The maladaptiveness criterion
takes into account whether the behavior negatively impacts the person’s life or poses a threat to others.
A stimulus motive is defined as
a motive that appears to be innate but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity. These motives are not necessary for survival
Psychodynamic is related to
childhood experiences and personality
Indep vs paired t sample test
An independent samples t-test is conducted when researchers wish to compare mean values of two groups
paired samples t-test is used if the results came from the same participants
Before working memory comes ____ memory according to Baddeley’s model of working memory
sensory
General paresis, also known as general paralysis of the insane or paralytic dementia, is a neuropsychiatric disorder affecting the brain, caused by ____
late-stage syphilis
Neuroleptics vs atypical antipsychotics, which is better and why
Neuroleptics (antipsychotics) block positive symptoms but heighten negative ones
atypical antipsychotics tend to only reduce positive ones while not exacerbating negative ones (better)
Sleepwalking, bedwetting, night terrors in which sleep stage?
4
Positive vs negative priming
Positive priming speeds up the reaction to the stimulus, while negative priming slows down the reaction to the stimulus
___ is the system that manipulates and processes information and focuses attention.
working memory
Base rate fallacy
Base rate fallacy is incorrectly judging a situation, like not considering all info at your disposal
Tonic receptors do what and found where
Tonic receptors are sensory receptors that continue to produce action potentials throughout the duration of a stimulus –> limited to the peripheral nervous system and are not found in the brain
Chronic sympathetic activation can compromise _____
reproductive and immune functioning
Operational span testing:
testing of the capacity of working memory; researchers alternate between presenting a word to be remembered, then asking participants to verify a simple math equation (to interrupt rehearsal), after which the participants are tested to see how many words they remember
Multitasking affected by what three things
task similarity, difficulty, and practice
when a response results in escape from an aversive stimulus, it is an example of what reinforcement
negative reinforcement
encoding specificity refers to
enhanced memory when testing takes place under the same conditions as learning
