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C/OC Flashcards

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1
Q

How does acid make a good leaving group?

A

Protonates hydroxyl into positive H2O which can then take the electrons from broken bond and leave

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2
Q

Glyceraldehyde structure

A

Glyceraldehyde is an aldose that can be derived from the oxidation of glycerol;
it contains an aldehyde and two hydroxyl groups

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3
Q

Wedge dash to chair rules

A

ccw and clockwise matters
wedge is up
dash is down

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4
Q

Imide?

A

Nitrogen attached to 2 carbonyl groups

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5
Q

Sn2 and Sn1 products, focus on..

A

Steric hindrance of carbons, LG quality, aprotic + protic solvents, stereochemistry or racemic mixture

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6
Q

IN H bond, what does the h bond acceptor need to be?

A

EN, small, so N O and F

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7
Q

Coordinate bond requires?

A

Metal cation and electron PAIR donor

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8
Q

Coordination #?

A

ligands bound

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9
Q

Zeff equation?

A

nuc charge - core electrons

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10
Q

Does q or d matter more in determining p=qd?

A

q

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11
Q

Identical chemical species must have what 3 things?

A
  1. elemental composition
  2. same number of electrons
  3. same orbital bonding configuration.
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12
Q

Unknown sample ..percentages and mass is given, how do you calculate the atomic weight?

A

Multiply percent given as decimal by mass, add

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13
Q

Although constant, the equilibrium concentrations are ____ because equilibrium refers to a state of equal ____ (ie, changes in concentration over time)

A

not equal; reaction rate

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14
Q

How is the solubility of salts affected by pH of solution?

A

Changing the pH of a solution can enhance the solubility of salts that have an acidic or basic ion. This occurs by applying Le Châtelier’s principle to disrupt the solubility equilibrium and shift the reaction toward the products.

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15
Q 
sp3-,sp2-, and sp-hybridized atoms have bond angles of \_\_, \_\_, and \_\_\_
water molecule (H2O) displays a bond angle of \_\_\_ due to increased electron repulsion of its lone pairs
A

109.5°, 120°, and 180°…104.5

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16
Q

Air bubbles and boiling chips do what?

A

Air bubbles and boiling chips

  • break surface tension
  • prevent superheating and bumping
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17
Q

In gas chromatography, the adsorbant is

A

Polar

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18
Q

GC trace measures retention time, first peaks will be for either _____ or _____ thing (adsorbent is polar)

A

Most non polar; lowest BP

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19
Q

Signal intensity of a mass spectrometry peak corresponds to the _______ at a given mass-to-charge ratio m/z

A

relative quantity of ions

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20
Q

ions with smaller m/q ratio are ___ affected by magnetic field and will have a _____ radius of curvature

A

less affected; larger radius of curvature

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21
Q

Stereospecific:

Rxn produces _________

Stereochemistry of the ________ controls the outcome of the reaction (Z or E / cis or trans)

A

1 product over other

reactants

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22
Q

BP and pressure (VP) relationship

A

BP goes up with more pressure (more vapor pressure)

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23
Q

The boiling point temperature is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to _______ pressure.

A

ambient

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24
Q

Red litmus turns ___ in base

A

blue

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25
Q

An acid differs from its conjugate base only by the presence of an _____

A

additional H+

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26
Q

What happens to water as a reactant when weak base/acid dissociate

A

stays constant

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27
Q

Weak acid is _____ likely to dissociate then charged ion

A

more

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28
Q

Buffer solution is a ____ acid or base and its conjugate salt

Do changes in PH affect it?

A

weak; No ph=pka

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29
Q

Amphiprotic ion/compound?

A

can act as base or acid by accepting or losing hydrogen proton,

usually have negative charge and one or more H+

if full compound and not ion, try to imagine it dissolved and work with its substituent ions, i.e. NaHCO3 –> Na+ + HCO3 , HCO3 can be CO3- or H2CO3

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30
Q

Will HCL react with NH3?

A

HCL will readily react with weak base NH3 to make NH4Cl

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31
Q

NH3 + H20 –> ?

A

NH3 + water –> NH4+ and OH-

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32
Q

Element will give color if electrons _____ light and ____ energy levels

A

absorb; elevate

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33
Q

How can you tell the acidity of an acid from its conjugate base?

A

Acids are more acidic when conjugate base is more stable by lets say H bonding

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34
Q

Does distilled water at pH 7 affect ionization?

A

Naw

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35
Q

Can neutralization reactions affect solubility?

A

Acid-base neutralization reactions can be used to increase the amount of an acidic (or basic) solute that will dissolve in a solvent by forming more soluble ionic salts

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36
Q

If something cannot be metabolized =

A

no energy = no calories

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37
Q

Ketones and aldehydes of the same MW have _____ boiling points because they both have ______ interactions.

A

similar; dipole dipole

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38
Q

oxidizing reagent pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) cannot oxidize aldehydes because it lacks the _____ needed to form the _____ intermediate

A

water; hydrate

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39
Q

Decarboxylation reaction is?

A

Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes a carboxyl group from a carboxylic acid with a β-carbonyl, releasing the carboxyl group as CO2 gas

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40
Q

The ester oxygen bonded to both the carbonyl carbon and the alkyl group originates from the ____

A

alcohol , aka original O from COOH is gone

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41
Q

In retro-aldol reaction:

When heated and treated with ____the carbon-carbon bond between the _____carbons is broken

A

Base; α- and β-;

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42
Q

In retro aldol reactions:
Products can be ______, or one of each, depending on the substituents on the carbonyl carbon and the β-carbon.

Aldehydes form if the carbonyl and/or β-carbon has _____ substituents, whereas ketones form if all substituents are ______.

A

forming two ketones or two aldehydes; hydrogen; carbon chains

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43
Q

Aldol shortcut, describe how the product looks

A

(1a) attacking carbonyl will also contain (1b) alpha carbon, (2) other carbonyl will be attacked

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44
Q

Acetylation?

A

addition of carbonyl with methly group

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45
Q

Roles of α,b-unsaturated ketone

A

electrophile in michael addition

nucleophile in aldol condensation

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46
Q

Michael addition

A

enolate attacks a α,b-unsaturated carbonyl and creates a bond
1. 1,4 addition 2. protonation

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47
Q

Enolate

A

deprotonation of alpha carbon by strong base

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48
Q

Stability is related to

A

neg charge, conjugation, EWG

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49
Q

Most acidic group has ____ stable base

A

most

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50
Q

How to increase solubility of COOH

A

The solubility of carboxylic acids in water increases when they are converted into carboxylate anions by a base.

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51
Q

Organic compounds with acidic or basic functional groups enter the aqueous layer as ______ when acids and bases are added to an extraction.

A

Ionic salts

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52
Q

Amines are weak bases that require _____acids to be protonated.
Phenols are weak acids that are only deprotonated by _____ bases.

A

STRONG - weak acids and bases need strong acids and bases to be deprotonated/protonates

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53
Q

Aliphatic

A

Aliphatic are nonaromatic, may be cyclic

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54
Q

π stacking

A

involves interactions between interactive rings which contain Pi bonds

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55
Q

disulphide bonds are_____, result from ______ of cysteine residues

A

covalent; oxidation

reducing agents break disulphide bonds

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56
Q

Phosphate links to ___ most commonly

A

-OH

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57
Q

What happens when alcohols like T or S get phosphorylated?

A

When an amino acid like T or S , which is normally uncharged, gets phosphorylated, it has a negative charge on it then , PAY ATTENTION TO PHOSPHORYLATION

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58
Q

When does a protein aggregate?

A

protein aggregates when ES forces are neutral on side chains

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59
Q

Oxygen in backbone has ____ charge, full in ____ side chain

A

partial negative; aspartate

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60
Q

All amino acids have at least two pKa values.
pKa1 is the pKa of the carboxyl group and is usually around __
pKa2 is the pKa of the amino group and is usually around ____

A

2

9-10

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61
Q

Cyanohydrin?

A

middle C attached to C≡N and OH

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62
Q

C-N bond in the amide has _____ character

A

partial double bond, due to electrons on N

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63
Q

How many OH needed in saponification rxn?

A

One hydroxide ion is required to hydrolyze one ester linkage of a triacylglycerol molecule 🡪 three equivalents of sodium hydroxide will be needed to completely saponify the triacylglycerol

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64
Q

In a concentration cell, the anode and the cathode are both made of the ___ and are surrounded by the ____ but the solutions differ in concentration, which produces a flow of electrons caused by the drive to equalize the ion concentrations in the two half-cells.

Electrons migrate from the anode (placed in a solution with ____ cations) to the cathode (placed in a solution with _____ cations) until the concentrations are equal.

A

same metal and same ionic solution

fewer cations in anode, more cations in cathode

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65
Q

thermodynamics is ____ of products; kinetics is _____ product formation (activity is kinetics)

A

stability; rate of

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66
Q

calorimetry is ___ and ___

A

slow and localized

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67
Q

For a thermodynamic mixture of isomeric products, the relative mole ratio of products is directly related to the relative _____ of these products

A

stability

68
Q

How does equilibrium affect product formation?

A

The AMOUNT of product formed in a reaction is dependent on the equilibrium constant of the reaction. This constant is not changed by a catalyst, which only changes the RATE at which equilibrium is achieved

69
Q

How to tell thermo stability from products?

A

relative thermodynamic stability of isomers can be determined based on the amount of heat produced when the compounds are combusted; less heat, greater stability

70
Q

-H (negative enthalpy) means?

A

heat released, Temp increased

71
Q

Alkane/kene/kyne formula eqns

A

CnH2n+2 – alkane
CnH2n – alkene
CnH2n-2 – alkyne

72
Q

Pyrrole

A

N based ring

73
Q

Porphyrin?

A

The basic unit of a porphyrin is the pyrrole ring, a five-sided heterocycle containing one nitrogen atom

eg heme

74
Q

wedge dash to haworth

A

wedge = UP, dash = DOWN, cis trans is maintained here

75
Q

To be classified as aromatic, a compound must have:

A

Conjugated pi bonds in a cyclic structure
Unhybridized p orbitals present in each atom in the ring
Planar geometry

76
Q

Phosphatide -

A

Basically phospholipid (2 FA esters, phosphate and maybe nitrogen )

77
Q

Conjugated systems and colors

Relationship between conjugation and wavelength?

A

With every double bond added, the system absorbs photons of LONGER wavelength

78
Q

B lactam reactivity compared to non cyclic amides is due to?

A

β-lactams are a class of cyclic amides

exhibit significant ring strain due to their small ring size, making the carbonyl carbon more reactive than noncyclic amides.

The nitrogen atom in a β-lactam is trigonal pyramidal rather than planar and has decreased resonance. Unlike noncyclic amides, this nitrogen is sp3 hybridized and substantially more reactive.

79
Q

When numbering a cyclic molecule in this case a nitrogenous base, number so N’s are ____ #

A

lowest #

80
Q

How do alkyl groups affect reactivity of carbocations and anions?

A

the alkyl groups help stabilize carbocations but destabilize carbanions.
Therefore, the order of decreasing stability for these species is:

Carbocation: tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl
Carbanion: methyl > primary > secondary > tertiary

81
Q

Describe how to read an amino acid titration curve?

A

Pka of acid group, base group, and R group (lowest to greatest)
Pka is found at the buffer regions (flat) where pH = pKa

82
Q

SDS page, everything has a _____ charge

A

negative, the more something moves to the cathode, the smaller is it

83
Q

Liposones and fluroescent dye?

A

trap is so cannot fluroesce, liposomes break in size exclusion

84
Q

X rays and slit diffraction?

A

cannot undergo regular slit diffraction but sometimes may diffract when exposed to certain crystallized materials

85
Q

Law of mass action

A

The law of mass action states that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the molar amount of each reaction component raised to the power of its coefficient that occurs in the chemical equation

basically Eq formula..?

86
Q

Thermal conductivity (k) relationship to Heat flow (H)?

A

Proportional

87
Q

Isotopes of the same element have nearly identical _____properties but differ in their _____ properties.

A

chemical; physical

valence electrons drive chem activity

88
Q

What are representative elements?

A

The representative elements (main group elements) are the elements in Groups 1–2 (1A–2A) and Groups 13–18 (3A–8A) that are contained in the s-block and the p-block, respectively, of the periodic table.

89
Q

Buffers consist of a mixture of

A

either a weak acid and a salt of its conjugate base, or a weak base and a salt of its conjugate acid.

90
Q

How is hydrophobic character determined?

A

Check how many CH bonds

91
Q

inverse proportion graph shape

A

CURVED

92
Q

1 faraday is equal to

A

charge in 1 mole e = aka 10^5

93
Q

Sigma bonds are ______ than π bonds.

energy, stability, dissociation E

A

lower in energy, more stable, and have a greater dissociation energy

94
Q

In Ksp and Keq eqns, what do you fo with the coefficients?

A

ADD IN CONC BRCKET AND AS EXPONENT BITCh

95
Q

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation relates what?

A

the pH, pKa, and the concentration ratio of the acid and conjugate base.

96
Q

What is kinetic control?

A

reaction is irreversible (eg, low temperature)

most favorable product is the one whose pathway has the lowest Ea

97
Q

How does nucleophilicity compare when all molecules have same charge?

A

When comparing the nucleophilicity of atoms of equal negative charge, nucleophilicity tends to increase from right to left across a row of the periodic table as electronegativity decreases. Atoms of higher electronegativity more effectively stabilize negative charge and less readily donate electron density to electrophiles whereas those of lower electronegativity stabilize a negative charge less effectively and more readily donate electrons to electrophiles.

98
Q

Cyclic anhydride is attacked by an alcohol or amine, what happens?

A

Ring opens, ester or amide is formed, respectively

99
Q

most acidic hydrogens (most to least) and factors that affect acidity

A

alcohol –> a hydrogen –> sp2 H –> sp3 H

  • neg charge on EN atom
  • resonance
100
Q

min relative speed is when two things are moving in the ___ direction

A

same

101
Q

A linear polarization filter blocks ____ aligned perpendicular to the axis of polarization

A

A linear polarization filter blocks electric fields aligned perpendicular to the axis of polarization

102
Q

Ohms law relates __ voltage to resistance

A

lost

103
Q

MA eqns

A

Fo/Fi = di/do

104
Q

Light with higher frequency (such as violet light compared to red light) has a ____ index of refraction in a lens and therefore ____ more.

A

Light with higher frequency (such as violet light compared to red light) has a higher index of refraction in a lens and therefore refracts more.

105
Q

The formation of blurry images due to dispersion is known as _____

A

The formation of blurry images due to dispersion is known as chromatic aberration.

106
Q

The ratio of the image height to the object height is equal to the ratio of their respective ____.

A

The ratio of the image height to the object height is equal to the ratio of their respective distances.

107
Q

secondary alpha hydrogen makes the ____ product in aldol condensation

A

thermodynamic

108
Q

when 2ndary amine attacks carbonyl what froms and why

A

enamine, bc amine cannot be deprotonated during last step so its alpha hydrogen is

109
Q

Lots of intramolecular H bonding affect on BP and polarity

A

both decreased

110
Q

the presence of impurities in a compound ____and broadens the melting point range

A

the presence of impurities in a compound lowers and broadens the melting point range

111
Q

eluting strength of a solvent is primarily related to how strongly it ____

A

eluting strength of a solvent is primarily related to how strongly it adsorbs onto the adsorbent

112
Q

Ultraviolet (UV) light, which corresponds to wavelengths between _____,

A

Ultraviolet (UV) light, which corresponds to wavelengths between 200 nm and 400 nm,

113
Q

π* antibonding orbital

A

Upon interactions with UV light of sufficient energy, π and nonbonding electrons are excited to the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO), called the π* antibonding orbital. These excitations are described as a transition from the lower energy bonding molecular orbital to the higher energy antibonding orbital in the form of π –> π* or n –> π*, depending on whether a π or n electron is excited.

114
Q

Modifying a molecule’s _____ or _____ changes its affinity for the organic or aqueous layer.

A

Modifying a molecule’s charge or polarity changes its affinity for the organic or aqueous layer.

115
Q

Decarboxylation is a reaction that

A

Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes a carboxyl group from a carboxylic acid with a β-carbonyl, releasing the carboxyl group as CO2 gas.

116
Q

if lowest priority is wedged, is clockwise S or R

A

SSSSSSSSSSS

117
Q

If a compound has Cysteine residues (-SH groups) and is oxidized, _____ bonds are made which are ___

A

If a compound has Cysteine residues (-SH groups) and is oxidized, disulphide bonds are made which are covalent bonds

118
Q

Describe a hydrogen bond donor

A

The formation of a hydrogen bond requires both a hydrogen bond donor: a molecule with a hydrogen bonded to a highly electronegative atom such as oxygen or nitrogen

119
Q

If Na2CO3 = 2 mol how many moles Na?

A

2x2=4

120
Q

Why does nickel ion have green olor

A

The color arises because nickel(II) ion has partially filled d orbitals and the electrons in the lower energy d orbitals absorb visible light to move to the higher energy d orbitals.

121
Q

in q=mcat , unit of temp and mass

A

Celsius and grams

122
Q

two samples of same mass, one has more MW, which has more moles?

A

one with smaller MW

123
Q

“X is titrated with Y” means that X is the ___ and Y is the___

A

“X is titrated with Y” means that X is the unknown concentration and Y is the titrant.

124
Q

kcat is used to describe the rate-limiting step of catalysis under what conditions

A

kcat is used to describe the rate-limiting step of catalysis under saturating conditions of substrate.

125
Q

product of aldol addition (aka condensation hasnt happened

A

B-hydroxy ketone

on the beta carbon there is a hydroxyl group

126
Q

acceleration is decreasing uniformly, how does the velocity change with time?

A

non uniformly/linearly i.e. graph would be curved as slope would decrease

127
Q

Why would someone use heat of combustion instead of boiling point to measure thermodynamic stability of isomers?

A

boiling point deals with INTERmolecular foces and bonds NOT INTRA

128
Q

two mixtures are combusted, one released more heat than the other, what can be inferred?

A

more heat released -> less stable

129
Q

Chelation

A

Ligand binding to a central atom with more than one covalent bond

130
Q

Why does adding distilled water to a buffer not affect pH?

A

water will dilute concentrations of both acid and base in buffer so their ratio in the Henderson hasselbach will be the same

131
Q

For a phosphate buffer solution, which species is the acidic vs basic one –> monosodium or disodium phosphate?

A

Monosodium is acidic bc imagine the formula NaH2PO4 vs Na2HPO4, the amount of Na attached will correspond to how many H+ have been lost and the species will lost protons will be considered the conjugate base

132
Q

Initial velocity in michaelis menten needs to occur under what conditions

A

steady state

133
Q

acetyl structure

A

carbonyl with a methyl group

134
Q

Nitrogen charge in peptide backbone

A

positive

135
Q

Porphyrin structure and found where

A

composed of four modified pyrrole subunits

found in heme

136
Q

Pyrrole structure

A

5 membered heterocyclic ring with N

137
Q

Hydroxylation needs what enzyme?

A

Oxidoreductase

138
Q

pH goes down pKa and Ka go where?

A

pKa goes down

Ka goes up

139
Q

if something is hydroxymethylated, it will more easily be deprotonated rather than protonated because

A

now it has a highly acidic hydorgen (H-O) on it

140
Q

sound goes into two diff materials, does f change?

A

nah bc f depends on source

141
Q

In Ksp expression, what is not included?

A

solids and pure liquids

142
Q

carbon in its standard state is

A

solid - graphite

143
Q

Electron affinity definition

A

the amount of energy that is liberated whenever a molecule or a neutral atom tends to acquire an electron from the other elements

144
Q

____ is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules, not a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom.

A

H bonding

145
Q

Convection occurs inside

A

fluid

146
Q

Arrhenius eqn represents what theory

A

collision theory

147
Q

critical point

A

density of gas = density of liquid

hard to distinguish between states

148
Q

ammonium, acetate, alkali metal cations, nitrate are alll

A

soluble

149
Q

4 colligative properties

A

vapor pressure depression, BP elevation, FP depression, Osmotic pressure

150
Q

ideal solution?

A

strength of bonds broken = strength of bonds made

enthalpy of dissolution = 0

151
Q

dismutation or disproportionation rxn

A

redox where one thing is both oxidized and reduced

152
Q

titrant vs analyte

A

titrant is known

analyte is unknown

153
Q

Acid base questions to find conc of weak acid bases, two eqns can be used depending on what info is given, which 2 eqn>

A

Henderson Hassel Balch and/or Kb/Ka equilibrium

154
Q

If a drug and an inducing or enhancing agent have similar uptake rates, the agent should be administered where compared to drug and why

A

prior

prevent some cells randomly interacting with drug before agent reaches it

155
Q

Excess base added to an organic compound, what might it do

A

hydrolyze any carbonyl groups

not all excess might be used so be careful

156
Q

Why is Na2CO3 a bronsted base.. how made?

A

accepts protons
Made from a strong base and weak acid to become a basic salt
NaOH + H2CO3 –> Na2CO3 + H2O

157
Q

Small insects walk on the free surface of water because?

A

surface tension
at the air–water interface, all hydrogen bonds in water face downward, causing the molecules of the water surface to bond together. Due to cohesion, the polar water molecules do not cling to nonpolar molecules (such as oils) like those found in the insect feet.
The insects do not sink through the free surface of water provided their weight is smaller than the surface tension!!!

158
Q

Electric field inside conductor is 0 because

A

Conductors contain both atom-bound electrons and free electrons.
Free electrons arrange themselves on the surface of conductors, and their collective electric field produced inside the conductor cancels any external electric field.
The resulting electric field inside the conductor is zero.

159
Q

Huckle’s rule?

A

Compound should have 4n + 2 pi electrons

n can be any integer

160
Q

Color change in a titration depends on what property of indicator?

A

indicators pKa,

because color change will occur once it turns from HIn to In-

161
Q

If 1 faraday = charge in 1 mol e-, what is 0.1 F equal to

A

Charge wise it would be 10^4 (since 1 F=10^5)

otherwise, 0.1 F = charge in 0.1 mol electrons

162
Q

Pressure goes from 1 to 500 atm, what happens to volume of individual gas molecules and why

A

goes from ideal to non ideal behavior

goes from occupying no space to having volume of its own

163
Q

characteristic of material that is good insulator but poor conductor

A

electrons in material cannot move to other atoms very easily
bc valence electrons tightly bound to atoms

164
Q

sp3 geometry

A

tetrahedral

165
Q

The solubility of any ionic basic anion will be increased in solution of __ pH

A

low

MCAT (4 decks)

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