Pryke et al., 2010 (finch sperm competition)

Question 1

Female participation in …-… copulations, in combination with a genetically loaded process of … …, enables female finches to target genes that are optimally … with their own to ensure … and optimise offspring ….

Answer 1

extra-pair, sperm competition, compatible, fertility, viability

• such female behaviour, along with postcopulatory processes demonstrated here, may provide an adaptive function of female infidelity in socially monogamous animals

Question 2

In socially monogamous species, extra-pair sexual relationships provide an opportunity for females to ensure against the fitness costs of genetically … partnerships and improve the genetic … of at least some of their offspring by mating with extra-pair males that are either more genetically … or of higher genetic … than their social partner.

Answer 2

incompatible, quality, compatible, quality

Question 3

This study looked at the socially monogamous … ….

In this species, genetic incompatibility between … and … head-colour morphs results in high offspring … rates (… higher than compatible pairs of the same head colour)

Answer 3

Gouldian finch, black, red, mortality, 60%

Question 4

Mate compatibility is … by head colour, which is determined by a …-linked gene.

• Females hemizygous (Zr = black or ZR = red)
• Males homozygous (ZrZr = black, ZRZR = red ) or heterozygous (ZRZr = red)

Answer 4

signaled, Z

Question 5

Finches display mate preference for their own morph type, though up to … breeding pairs in the wild are mixed morph (perhaps due to … on preferred mate availability)

Answer 5

30%, constraints

Question 6

Captive females breeding in compatible or incompatible pairs were presented with the opportunity to gain an extra-pair copulation with either a compatible or an incompatible male. How was this done?

Answer 6

On the day after the female began egg-laying, she was separated from her social partner by an opaque divider and a virgin male in breeding condition was placed with the female for 60 minutes

Question 7

There were …-… mate preferences and was clear selection against mixed morph mating.

Surprisingly, females from all contexts were … likely to engage in extra-pair behaviour. Overall, … of females copulated with the extra-pair male. All successful copulations (cloacal contact) were preceded by active female … - no forced copulation attempts worked (though these were rare anyway)

Answer 7

morph-assortative

equally, 77.5%, solicitation

Question 8

Extra-pair males displayed to females 95% of the time and…

Answer 8

did not discriminate between compatible and incompatible females

Question 9

Most females quickly solicited extra-pair males … of their compatibility or … behaviours

Answer 9

irrespective, display

Question 10

For males, extra-pair copulations can increase their … … with limited investment.

For females, extra-pair copulations with compatible males increase the number of … she produces. However, the female bears the cost of this additional investment.

Answer 10

reproductive success,

eggs

Question 11

Why may females solicit extra-pair copulations with incompatible males?

Answer 11

• Unable to always accurately assess male compatibility (e.g. red females unable to discriminate between heterozygous and homozygous versions of morph)

Question 12

Females can store sperm from different males within their … … for an extended period of time.

Answer 12

reproductive tract

Question 13

The 31 extra-pair copulations resulted in a … number of fertilised offspring among broods

+ EP males gained disproportionate fertilisation success 24-48hrs after copulating (most often just once)

Answer 13

disproportionate

Question 14

More offspring per brood were fathered by the extra-pair male in the … context (pair male incompatible, extra-pair male compatible) than in the two … contexts.

Answer 14

adaptive, neutral

Question 15

Due to the timing of copulation, the EP male could not fertilise the first two eggs and was limited to the third to ninth eggs.

Answer 15

Okay

Question 16

Females copulated … frequently with incompatible social mates than with compatible partners.
+Especially after EP copulation with compatible males in females paired with incompatible males.

This didn’t explain the greater extra-pair fertilisation efficacy in this context.

Answer 16

less

Question 17

Compared with the neutral contexts, EP copulations resulted in significantly more EP offspring in the … context, and significantly fewer in the … context (than expected from the … number of EP and P copulations)

Answer 17

adaptive, maladaptive, relative

Question 18

Differences in … size by EP and P males may, in part, explain the disproportional fertilisation success of the EP males, though the considerable differences in postcopulatory success … EP males shows how dramatically genetic compatibility can bias the outcome of fertilisation.

Answer 18

ejaculate, among

Question 19

Extra-pair copulation with a compatible male resulted in a … increase in offspring survival in females with an incompatible pair mates, compared to those forced to mate exclusively with an incompatible pair mate.

Answer 19

38.9%

Question 20

Extra-pair copulation with a compatible male resulted in a … increase in offspring survival in females with an incompatible pair mates, compared to those forced to mate exclusively with an incompatible pair mate.

Answer 20

38.9%

• may allow female to avoid effects of inbreeding hybridisation or target positive effects of heterosis
• thought to be especially important in systems in which females cannot phenotypically or behaviourally assess compatibility

Question 21

To understand the evolution of female polyandry in socially monogamous animals, both …- and …-… processes must be accounted for

Answer 21

pre-, post-copulatory

Question 22

Look at graphs for this one

Answer 22

It’s a bit annoying